tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-25134275590549305482023-07-17T22:00:08.137-07:00Kesehatan LingkunganRobby DmatriXhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08864984475646604162noreply@blogger.comBlogger6125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2513427559054930548.post-30562437061238138912013-04-19T14:48:00.001-07:002013-04-19T14:48:46.272-07:007 Langkah Cara Cuci Tangan<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0f1419; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong>B</strong>isakah Anda mencuci tangan? Anda pasti menjawab ‘Bisa!’, tapi bagaimana bila Anda diminta oleh buah hati anda untuk memberikan contoh cara mencuci tangan yang baik dan benar?. Saya yakin tidak semua pembaca blog ini akan memperagakan dengan penuh percaya diri, atau malah terkesan asal-asalan yang penting basah. Ya, begitulah kenyataannya. Hal yang kebanyakan orang dianggap sepele ternyata sebagian besar tidak mampu memperagakannya dengan baik dan benar, bahkan mungkin pihak yang berkecimpung di dunia kesehatan sendiri tidak mengetahuinya. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0f1419; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0f1419; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
Mencuci tangan memang hal kecil, tapi sama sekali bukan hal yang sepele. Bayangkan, seandainya putra-putri kesayangan anda setelah asik bermain dengan tangan yang belepotan kotoran, pergi ke meja makan dan langsung menyambar makanan yang ada. Dapat dipastikan tidak lama kemudian atau esok hari buah hati anda akan mengeluh perutnya sakit, badan panas, dan lain sebagainya, yang berati buah hati anda akan jatuh sakit. Tentu sebagai orang tua Anda tidak menginginkannya bukan?.</div>
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0f1419; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
Dalam keseharian, kita tidak terlepas dari kegiatan cuci tangan, tapi seberapa yakinkah bahwa tangan anda bebas dan nantinya tidak akan terinfeksi oleh kuman? karena memang, terkadang kita jatuh sakit sementara sang dokter mengatakan infeksi bisa dari mana saja termasuk dari kebiasaan cuci tangan yang kurang tepat. </div>
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0f1419; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
Berikut akan di jelaskan bagaimana cara mencuci tangan yang baik dan benar untuk meminimalkan kejadian infeksi kuman :</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1. Langkah pertama basuh kedua telapak tangan denagn air mengalir dan menggunakan sabun secukupnya.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2. Gosok kedua telapak tangan sebanyak 15 X.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
3. Gosok setiap jari dan sela jari hingga membentuk sudut 90 drajat sebanyak 10 X.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
4. Gosok seluruh jari pada telapak tangan dengan posisi jari menguncup sebanyak 10 X.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
5. Gosok punggung tangan secara bergantian.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
6. Basuh kedua tangan pada air mengalir hingga tangan terasa kesat.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
7. Keringkan tangan dengan menggunakan kain atau tissue.</div>
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwN2sULxN676B2SbdeRMk1BckLSUDJg_SdhcLajj2-Ng5w9Dmo0h3-QL7DfDPBrsUeRqvSgLUGe9v_zZJgU3g' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<br />
Itulah 7 langkah cuci tangan yang baik semoga bermanfaat dan dapat diterapkan dlam kehidupan sehari-hari :)Robby DmatriXhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08864984475646604162noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2513427559054930548.post-71347605744201439922012-11-03T07:32:00.001-07:002012-11-03T07:32:27.616-07:00Bionomik Kecoa<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
table.MsoTableGrid
{mso-style-name:"Table Grid";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-priority:59;
mso-style-unhide:no;
border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid windowtext;
mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">BAB<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">LATAR BELAKANG</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Menuju Indonesia sehattahun 2012</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">danuntukmewujudkankualitasdankuantitaslingkungan
yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">bersihdansehatsertauntukmencapaiderajatkesehatanmasyarakat
yang optimal</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">sebagaisalahsatuunsurkesepakatanumumdaritujuannasional,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">sangatdiperlukanpengendalianvektorpenyakit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Masalahumum yang
dihadapidalambidangkesehatanadalahjumlahpenduduk yang
besardenganangkapertumbuhanyngcukuptinggidanpenyebaranpenduduk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yangbelummerata,
tingkatpendidikandansosialekonomi yang masihrendah. Keadaninidapatmenyebabkanlingkunganfisikdanbiologis
yang tidakmemadaisehinggamemungkinkanberkembangbiaknyavektorpenyakit. Salah
satu vector penyakittersebutadalahkecoa yang termasukdalamphyllumArthropoda,
kelasInsekta. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Para ahliseranggamemasukkankecoakedalamordoserangga
yang berbeda-beda. Maurice dan Harwood ( 1969 )<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>memasukkankecoakedalamordoBlattariadengansalahsatufamilinyaBlattidae.
Smith ( 1973 ) dan Ross ( 1965) memasukkankecoakedalamordoDicyopteradengan sub
ordonyaBlattariasedangkanparaahliseranggalainnyamemasukkankedalamordoOrthopteradengan
sub ordoBlattariadanfamiliBlattidae. Kecoamerupakanserangga yang hidup di
dalamrumah, restoran, hotel, rumahsakit, gudang, kantor, perpustakaan, dan
lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kecoadapatmenjadipenularpenyakityaitudenganmemindahkanbeberapamikroorganismepatogenantaralain,
Streptococcus, Salmonella<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan lain-lain
sehinggadapatmenyebarkanpenyakitantaralain, Disentri, Diare, Cholera, Virus
Hepatitis A, Polio padaanak-anakPenularanpenyakitdapatterjadimelaluiorganismepatogensebagaibibitpenyakit
yang terdapatpadasampahatausisamakanan, dimanaorganismetersebutterbawaoleh kaki
ataubagiantubuhlainnyadarikecoa, kemudianmelalui organ tubuhkecoa,
organismesebagaibibitpenyakittersebutmenkontaminasimakanan.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">TUJUAN </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">TUJUAN UMUM</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Untukmengetahuibionomikkecoasehinggadapatmelakukanpengendalianterhadappopulasikecoa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">TUJUAN KHUSUS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Untukmengetahuitempat-tempatperindukkankecoa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Untukmengetahuicarahidupkecoa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Untukmengetahuimakanan yang disukaikecoa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">MANFAAT</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">BagiAkademiPendidikan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hasilmakalahinidiharapkandapatmenjadisumberevaluasi
yang
digunakansebagaibahanmasukanreferensiyngnantinyaakanbergunabagidisipinilmukesehatanlingkungantentangBionomikKecoa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">BagiPembaca</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">HasilmakalahinidiharapkandapatmenambahpengetahuanpembacatentangBionomikKecoa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">BAB II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kecoa</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Blaberus giganteus</span></i></div>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: 93.6pt; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 27.25pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt;" valign="top" width="234">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 93.65pt; mso-element-top: 27.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasifikasi_ilmiah" title="Klasifikasi ilmiah"><span style="color: #365f91; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Klasifikasi
ilmiah</span></a><span style="color: #365f91; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 93.65pt; mso-element-top: 27.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kerajaan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 93.65pt; mso-element-top: 27.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Filum:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 93.65pt; mso-element-top: 27.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kelas:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 93.65pt; mso-element-top: 27.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Upakelas:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 93.65pt; mso-element-top: 27.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Infrakelas:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 93.65pt; mso-element-top: 27.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Superordo:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 93.65pt; mso-element-top: 27.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ordo:</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 93.65pt; mso-element-top: 27.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Animalia</span></a><span class="kingdom"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 93.65pt; mso-element-top: 27.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropoda" title="Arthropoda"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Arthropoda</span></a><span class="phylum"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 93.65pt; mso-element-top: 27.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecta" title="Insecta"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Insecta</span></a><span class="taxoclass"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 93.65pt; mso-element-top: 27.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pterygota&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pterygota (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pterygota</span></a><span class="subclass"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 93.65pt; mso-element-top: 27.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neoptera&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Neoptera (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Neoptera</span></a><span class="infraclass"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 93.65pt; mso-element-top: 27.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dictyoptera&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Dictyoptera (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dictyoptera</span></a><span class="superorder"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 93.65pt; mso-element-top: 27.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span class="order"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Blattodea</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 93.65pt; mso-element-top: 27.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 93.65pt; mso-element-top: 27.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 93.65pt; mso-element-top: 27.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 93.65pt; mso-element-top: 27.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Famili</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 93.65pt; mso-element-top: 27.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blaberidae&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Blaberidae (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Blaberidae</span></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blattellidae&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Blattellidae (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Blattellidae</span></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blattidae&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Blattidae (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Blattidae</span></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cryptocercidae&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Cryptocercidae (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Cryptocercidae</span></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyphagidae&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Polyphagidae (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Polyphagidae</span></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nocticolidae&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Nocticolidae (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Nocticolidae</span></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kecoaatau<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">coro</span>adalahsalahsatuseranggadarifilum</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropoda" title="Arthropoda"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Arthropoda</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> yang termasukdalamordoOrthopteradengan sub
ordoBlattariadanfamiliBlattidae. Kecoaterdiridaribeberapa genus yaitu<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Blattela, periplaneta, blatta,supella, </i>dan<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">blaberus</i>. Di dunia terdapat kurang lebih
3.500 species kecoa. Beberapajenisdarikecoaadalah<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">BlattelaGermanica</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Periplaneta
Americana, PeriplanetaAutralasiae, PeriplanetaFuligunosa, BlattelaOrientalis, </i>dan<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">SupallaLongipalpa</i>. Ada 4 (empat)
spesiesdiantaranyaumumnyaterdapat di dalamrumah yaitu Periplaneta americana
(American Cockroach), Blattela germanica (German Cockroach), Blatta orientalis
(Oriental Cockroach), dan Supella langipalpa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(Brown Banded Cockroach) .</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">MorfologiKecoa</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 24.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kecoa adalah serangga </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">yang </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">tubuh</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">nyaber</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">bentuk oval,
pipih dorso-ventral. Kepalanya tersembunyi di bawah pronotum, dilengkapi dengan
sepasang mata majemuk dan satu mata tunggal, antena panjang, sayap dua pasang,
dan tiga pasang kaki. Pronotum dan sayap licin, tidak berambut dan tidak
bersisik,berwarna coklat sampai coklat tua.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Secara
umum Kecoa memiliki morfologi sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 50.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tubuhbulattelurdanpipihdorsoventral
(gepeng)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 50.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kepalaagaktersembunyidilengkapi
:sepasangantenapanjang yang berbentukfiliform yang
bersegmen,danmuluttipepengunyah (chewing).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 50.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bagian
dada terdapat 3 kaki,2pasangsayap,bagianluartebal,bagiandalamberbentukmembran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 50.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Caput
melengkungkeventro caudal di bawahsehinggamulutmenjoldiantaradasar kaki
pertama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 50.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Biasanyabersayap
2 pasangjenis blattaorientialis betinamemilikisayap yang
lebihpendekdaripadajantan (tidakmenutup abdomen).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 50.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kaki
disesuaikanuntukberlari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 50.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Metamorfosistidaksempurna
(telur-nimpha-dewasa),telurterbungkusooteca 6-30 butirtelurdanmenetas 26-69
harisedangkannimphamenjadi dewasa mengalami molting sebanyak 13 kali,siklus
hidup secara keseluruhan 2-21 bulan dan kecoa dewasa dapat hidup selama 3
tahun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 50.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kebiasaan
hidupnya,kecoa termasuk binatang malam (nocturnal) yang dapat bergerak
cepat dan selalu menghindari cahaya. Bersifat omnivora memakan
buku,kotoran,tinja dan dahak atau makanan dari kanji.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 50.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Morfologidaribeberapajeniskecoa,
sebagaiberikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Periplaneta americana</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ukuran tubuhnya antara 30-40 mm,warnanya merah
atau kuning kecoklatan.Punya 2 sayap yang depan mirip kulit,lentur dengan
venasi yang jelas,sayap belakang seperti selaput menutupi abdomen.antero
lateral sayap atas nampak jelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Blatta orientialis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ukuran tubuhnya 22-27 mm,warna coklat tua dan
hitam,sayap betina tidak menutup abdomen/pendek.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Blatta germanica</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ukuran 12-16 mm,warna coklat muda ada dua pita
gelap longitudinal coklat gelap pada thorax.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Supella supellectillum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ukuran tubuhnya 13 mm warna coklat muda mirip
Blatta germanica tetapi tidak ada garis pada thorax,ada pita kuning atau coklat
pada sayap.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">DaurHidup</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kecoaadalahseranggadengan metamorfosa tidak
lengkap, hanya melalui tiga stadia (tingkatan), yaitu stadium telur, stadium
nimfa dan stadium dewasa yang dapat dibedakan jenis jantan dan betinanya.Nimfa
biasanya menyerupai yang dewasa, kecuali ukurannya, sedangkan
sayapdanalatgenitalnyadalamtarafperkembangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Telurkecoaberadadalamkelompok yang
diliputioleh selaput keras yang menutupinya kelompok telur kecoa tersebut
dikenal sebagai kapsul telur atau “Ootheca”.Kapsul telur dihasilkan oleh kecoa
betina dan diletakkan pada tempat tersembunyi atau pada sudut-sudut dan
pemukaan sekatan kayu hingga menetas dalam waktu tertentu yang dikenal sebagai
masa inkubasi kapsul telur, tetapi pada spesies kecoa lainnya kapsul telur
tetap menempel pada ujung abdomen hingga menetas. Jumlah telur maupun masa
inkubasinya tiap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kapsul telur berbeda
menurut spesiesnya. Dari kapsul telur yang telah dibuahi akan menetas menjadi nimfa
yang hidup bebas dan bergerak aktif. Nimfa yang baru keluar dari kapsul telur
berwarna putih seperti buturan beras, kemudian berangsur-angsur berubah menjadi
berwarna coklat, Nimfa tersebut berkembang melalui sederetan instar dengan
beberapa kali bergantikutikulasehinggamencapai stadium dewasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Periplanettaamericana Linnaeus dewasa dapat
dikenal dengan adanya perubahan dari tidak bersayap pada stadium nimfa menjadi
bersayap pada stadium dewasanya pada P.Americana yang dewasa terdapat dua
pasang sayap baik pada yang jantan maupun betinanya.Daur hidup<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Periplaneta brunnea Burmeister dalam kondisi
laboratorium dengan suhu rata-rat 29 º C, dan kelembaban 78 % mencapai 7 bulan,
terdiri atas masa inkubasi kapsul telur rata-rata 40 hari, perkembangan stadium
nimfa 5 sampai 6 bulan. Masa inkubasi kapsul telur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>P.americana rata-rata 32 hari, perkembangan
nimfa inkubasi antar 5 sampai 6 bulan, serangga dewasa kemudian berkopulasi dan
satu minggu kemudian menghasilkan kapsul telur yang pertama sehingga daur hidup
P americana memerlukan waktu rata-rata 7 bulan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">DaurhidupNeostylopygarhombifolia (Stoll)
mencapai 6 bulan, meliputi masa inkubasi kapsul telur rata-rata 30 hari,
perkembangan nimfa antara 4 bulan dan 5 bulan. Serangga dewasa kemudian
berkopulasi dan 15 hari kemudian yang betina menghasilkan kapsul telur. Daur
hidup Periplaneta australasiae (Fabricius) mencapai 7 bulan, meliputi masa
inkubasi kapsul telur rata-rata 35 hari, perkembangan nimfa memerlukan waktu
antara 4 bulan sampai 6 bulan, serangga dewasa kemudian berkopulasi dan 10 hari
kemudian yang betinamenghasilkankapsultelur yang pertama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">BionomikKecoa</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bionomik</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">kecoa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">adalah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">kebiasaansegalasesuatu
yang dilakukankecoaselamahidupnya.Bionomikkecoaterdiridari, sebagaiberikut :</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tempat perindukan
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Umumnya kecoa lebih menyukai tempat – tempat
yang kotor, lembab, dan sejuk. Seperti di WC, dibawah tumpukan barang – barang,
di gudang yang lemabab dan berbau, atau ditempat – tempat kotor dan gelap
lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Cara hidup</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kecoa umumnya tinggal berkelompok. Mereka beraktifitas
mencari makan pada malam hari mereka bersembunyi di dalam celah – celah
dinding, bingkai pintu, di dalam kamar mandi, lemari, selokan, gua, mesin
jahit, televisi, radio, dan elektronik lain.Dengan tubuhnya yang pipih, apabila
kecoa merasa terganggu/ terancam hidupnya maka dia akan menyembunyikan tubuhnya
dicelah yang sempit. Kecoa juga dapat menggunakan cara lain untuk melindungi
dirinya dari bahaya, yaitu dengan mengeluarkan cairan berbau busuk. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Makanan yang
disukai</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kecoa memakan semua jenis makanan yang
dikonsumsi oleh manusia, terutama yang mengandung gula dan lemak. Seperti,
susu, keju, daging, kue, biji – biji, gula dan coklat. Mereka juga menyenangi
karton, tumpukan buku, lem katu, darah, ekskreta dan sputum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 25.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 25.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 31.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kepalanya tersembunyi di bawah pronotum,
dilengkapi dengan sepasang mata majemuk dan satu mata tunggal, antena panjang,
sayap dua pasang, dan tiga pasang kaki. Pronotum dan sayap licin, tidak
berambut dan tidak bersisik,berwarnacoklatsampaicoklattua.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 25.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 31.6pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">K</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ecoalebihmenyukaitempat – tempat yang kotor,
lembab, dansejuk. Seperti di WC, dibawahtumpukanbarang – barang, di gudang yang
lemababdanberbau, atauditempat – tempatkotordangelaplainnya</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 25.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 31.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kecoaumumnyatinggalberkelompok.Merekaberaktifitasmencarimakanpadamalamharimerekabersembunyi
di dalamcelah – celahdinding, bingkaipintu, di dalamkamarmandi, lemari,
selokan, gua, mesinjahit, televisi, radio, danelektronik lain. Dengantubuhnya
yang pipih, apabilakecoamerasaterganggu/ terancamhidupnyamakadiaakanmenyembunyikantubuhnyadicelah
yang sempit. Kecoajugadapatmenggunakancara lain
untukmelindungidirinyadaribahaya, yaitudenganmengeluarkancairanberbaubusuk.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kecoa memakan semua jenis makanan yang
dikonsumsi oleh manusia, terutama yang mengandung gula dan lemak. Seperti,
susu, keju, daging, kue, biji – biji, gula dan coklat. Mereka juga menyenangi
karton, tumpukan buku, lem katu, darah, ekskreta dan sputum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 25.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Saran </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 25.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 31.6pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sebelum melakukan
pengendalian vektor dan binatang pengganggu (Kecoa) hal yang perlu diketahui
adalah bagaimana kebiasaan hidup (bionomik) vektor tersebut, agar kita dapat
melakukan pengendalian yang tepat guna.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecoa"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">http://i<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"></span>d.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecoa</span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2513427559054930548" name="_GoBack"></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<a href="http://pakemata.blogspot.com/2010/02/morfologi-kecoa-lipas-ordo-orthoptera.html"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">http://pakemata.blogspot.com/2010/02/morfologi-kecoa-lipas-ordo-orthoptera.html</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<a href="http://digilib.unimus.ac.id/files/disk1/10/jtptunimus-gdl-s1-2008-diahdwitap-488-3-bab2.pdf"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">http://digilib.unimus.ac.id/files/disk1/10/jtptunimus-gdl-s1-2008-diahdwitap-488-3-bab2.pdf</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<a href="http://www.pc3news.com/index.php?cat=news&id=840&sub=2&view=news"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">http://www.pc3news.com/index.php?cat=news&id=840&sub=2&view=news</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<a href="http://www.pc3news.com/index.php?cat=news&id=840&sub=2&view=news"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">http://www.pc3news.com/index.php?cat=news&id=840&sub=2&view=news</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">http://johannesharry.wordpress.com/2007/06/11/binatang-kecil-itu-bernama-kecoa/</span></div>
Robby DmatriXhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08864984475646604162noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2513427559054930548.post-26091057585838822532012-06-25T01:13:00.001-07:002012-06-25T01:13:37.279-07:00Bencana Alam<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PENGERTIAN
BENCANA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bencana adalah peristiwa atau rangkaian peristiwa yang mengancam dan
mengganggu kehidupan dan penghidupan masyarakat yang disebabkan, baik oleh
faktor alam dan/atau non-alam maupun faktor manusia sehingga mengakibatkan
timbulnya korban jiwa manusia, kerusakan lingkungan, kerugian harta benda, dan
dampak psikologis<i> (UU 24/2007)</i></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bencana adalah suatu
gangguan serius terhadap keberfungsian suatu masyarakat</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sehingga menyebabkan
kerugian yang meluas pada kehidupan manusia dari segi materi, ekonomi atau
lingkungan dan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yang
melampaui kemampuan masyarakat</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang
bersangkutan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">untuk mengatasi dengan menggunakan
sumberdaya mereka sendiri</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.<i>(I</i></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SDR,
2004</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">)</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari uraiaan diatas
dapat disimpulkan bahwa bencana adalah kejadian-kejadian luar biasa yang di
luar kendali manusia yang bersifat merusak dan merugikan makhluk hidup yang
berada di sekitarnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">JENIS
BENCANA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">GEMPA
BUM</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gempa
bumi adalah goncangan yang mengguncang suatu daerah mulai dari yang tingkat
rendah sampai tingkat tinggi yang membahayakan. Gempa dengan skala tinggi dapat
membuat luluhlantak apa-apa yang ada di permukaan bumi. Rumah, gedung, menara,
jalan, jembatan, taman, landmark, dan lain sebagainya bisa hancur rata dengan
tanah jika terkena gempa bumi yang besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TSUNAMI</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tsunami
adalah ombak yang sangat besar yang menyapu daratan akibat adanya gempa bumi di
laut, tumbukan benda besar/cepat di laut, angin ribut, dan lain sebagainya.
Sunami sangat berbahaya karena bisa menyapu bersih pemukiman warga dan menyeret
segala isinya ke laut lepas yang dalam. Tsunami yang besar bisa membunuh banyak
manusia dan makhluk hidup yang terkena dampak tsunami.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BANJIR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
SK SNI M-18-1989-F (1989) dalam (Suparta (2004) dijelaskan bahwa Banjir adalah
aliran yang relatif tinggi, dan tidak tertampung oleh alur sungai atau saluran.
Aliran yang dimaksud disini adalah aliran air yang sumbernya bisa dari mana
aja. Dan air itu ngeluyur keluar dari sungai atau saluran karena sungai atau
salurannya sudah melebihi kapasitasnya. Kondisi inilah yang disebut banjir. Banjir
adalah bencana akibat curah hujan yang tinggi dengan tidak diimbangi dengan
saluran pembuangan air yang memadai sehingga merendam wilayah-wilayah yang
tidak dikehendaki oleh orang-orang yang ada di sana. Banjir bisa juga terjadi
karena jebolnya sistem aliran air yang ada sehingga daerah yang rendah terkena
dampak kiriman banjir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KEBAKARAN
HUTAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebakaran
hutan adalah kebakaran yang diakibatkan oleh faktor alam seperti akibat
sambaran petir, kekeringan yang berkepanjangan, leleran lahar, dan lain
sebagainya. Kebakaran hutan menyebabkan dampak yang luas akibat asap kebakaran
yang menyebar ke banyak daerah di sekitarnya. Hutan yang terbakar juga bisa
sampai ke pemukiman warga sehingga bisa membakar habis bangunan-bangunan yang
ada.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TANAH
LONGSOR</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanah
longsor adalah tanah yang turun atau jatuh dari tempat yang tinggi ke tempat
yang lebih rendah. Masalahnya jika ada orang atau pemukiman di atas tanah yang
longsor atau di bawah tanah yang jatuh maka sangat berbahaya. Tidak hanya tanah
saja yang longsor karena batu, pohon, pasir, dan lain sebagainya bisa ikut
longsor menghancurkan apa saja yang ada di bawahnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENYEBAB
BENCANA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">GEMPA
BUMI</span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Kebanyakan gempa bumi disebabkan dari </span><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">pelepasan energi yang dihasilkan oleh tekanan yang dilakukan oleh
lempengan yang</span></strong><em><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> bergerak</span></em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">.</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> Semakin lama tekanan itu kian membesar dan akhirnya mencapai pada
keadaan dimana tekanan tersebut tidak dapat ditahan lagi oleh pinggiran
lempengan. Pada saat itu lah gempa bumi akan terjadi.<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Gempa bumi biasanya terjadi di perbatasan lempengan lempengan tersebut.
Gempa bumi yang paling parah biasanya terjadi di perbatasan lempengan
kompresional dan translasional. </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gempa_bumi_fokus_dalam&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Gempa bumi fokus dalam (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Gempa
bumi fokus dalam</span></a></span><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> kemungkinan besar terjadi karena</span></strong><em><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></em><em><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">materi </span></em><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lapisan_litosfer&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Lapisan litosfer (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">lapisan litosfer</span></a></span><em><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> yang
terjepit kedalam mengalami </span></em><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transisi_fase&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Transisi fase (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">transisi fase</span></a></span><em><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> pada kedalaman
lebih dari 600 km.</span></em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa gempa bumi lain juga dapat terjadi karena <em>pergerakan </em></span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma" title="Magma"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">magma</span></a></span><em><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> di dalam gunung berapi.</span></em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Gempa bumi seperti itu dapat
menjadi gejala akan terjadinya </span><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">letusan
gunung berapi</span></strong><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> Beberapa gempa bumi (jarang
namun) juga terjadi karena menumpuknya massa air yang sangat besar di balik </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Dam (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">dam</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">, seperti </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dam_Karibia&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Dam Karibia (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Dam Karibia</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> di </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Zambia</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Afrika</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">. Sebagian lagi (jarang juga) juga dapat terjadi karena </span><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">injeksi atau akstraksi cairan dari/ke dalam bum</span></strong><em><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">i</span></em><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> (contoh. pada beberapa
pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi dan di </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Mountain_Arsenal&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Rocky Mountain Arsenal (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Rocky
Mountain Arsenal</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">. Terakhir,
gempa juga dapat </span><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">terjadi dari
peledakan bahan peledak</span></strong><em><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></em><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Hal ini dapat membuat para
ilmuwan memonitor tes rahasia </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senjata_nuklir" title="Senjata nuklir"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">senjata nuklir</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> yang dilakukan
pemerintah. Gempa bumi yang disebabkan oleh manusia seperti ini dinamakan juga </span><span lang="IN"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seismisitas_terinduksi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Seismisitas terinduksi (halaman belum tersedia)">seismisitas
terinduksi.</a></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN"><br /></span></h3>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TSUNAMI</span></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Skema terjadinya tsunami</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN">Tsunami dapat terjadi jika terjadi gangguan yang menyebabkan
perpindahan sejumlah besar air, seperti letusan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_api" title="Gunung api">gunung api</a>,
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi" title="Gempa bumi">gempa bumi</a>,
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longsor" title="Longsor">longsor</a> maupun
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor">meteor</a> yang
jatuh ke bumi. Namun, 90% tsunami adalah akibat gempa bumi bawah laut. Dalam rekaman
sejarah beberapa tsunami diakibatkan oleh gunung meletus, misalnya ketika
meletusnya <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Krakatau" title="Gunung Krakatau">Gunung Krakatau</a>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN">Gerakan vertikal pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerak_bumi" title="Kerak bumi">kerak bumi</a>, dapat mengakibatkan dasar laut naik atau
turun secara tiba-tiba, yang mengakibatkan gangguan keseimbangan air yang
berada di atasnya. Hal ini mengakibatkan terjadinya aliran energi air laut,
yang ketika sampai di pantai menjadi gelombang besar yang mengakibatkan
terjadinya tsunami.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN">Kecepatan gelombang tsunami tergantung pada kedalaman laut di mana
gelombang terjadi, dimana kecepatannya bisa mencapai ratusan kilometer per jam.
Bila tsunami mencapai pantai, kecepatannya akan menjadi kurang lebih 50 km/jam
dan energinya sangat merusak daerah pantai yang dilaluinya. Di tengah laut
tinggi gelombang tsunami hanya beberapa cm hingga beberapa meter, namun saat
mencapai pantai tinggi gelombangnya bisa mencapai puluhan meter karena terjadi
penumpukan masa air. Saat mencapai pantai tsunami akan merayap masuk daratan
jauh dari garis pantai dengan jangkauan mencapai beberapa ratus meter bahkan
bisa beberapa kilometer.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN">Gerakan vertikal ini dapat terjadi pada patahan bumi atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesar" title="Sesar">sesar</a>. Gempa bumi
juga banyak terjadi di daerah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subduksi" title="Subduksi">subduksi</a>, dimana lempeng samudera menelusup ke bawah lempeng
benua.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN">Tanah longsor yang terjadi di dasar laut serta runtuhan gunung api juga
dapat mengakibatkan gangguan air laut yang dapat menghasilkan tsunami. Gempa
yang menyebabkan gerakan tegak lurus lapisan bumi. Akibatnya, dasar laut
naik-turun secara tiba-tiba sehingga keseimbangan air laut yang berada di
atasnya terganggu. Demikian pula halnya dengan benda kosmis atau meteor yang
jatuh dari atas. Jika ukuran meteor atau longsor ini cukup besar, dapat terjadi
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami">megatsunami</a>
yang tingginya mencapai ratusan meter.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN">Gempa yang menyebabkan tsunami</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gempa bumi yang
berpusat di tengah laut dan dangkal (0 - 30 km)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gempa bumi dengan
kekuatan sekurang-kurangnya 6,5 Skala Richter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gempa bumi dengan pola
sesar naik atau sesar turun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BANJIR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada dasarnya banjir itu disebabkan oleh luapan aliran
air yang terjadi pada saluran atau sungai. Bisa terjadi dimana saja, ditempat
yang tinggi maupun tempat yg rendah. Pada saat air jatuh kepermukaan bumi dalam
bentuk hujan (presipitasi), maka air itu akan mengalir ketempat yang lebih
rendah melalui saluran2 atau sugai2 dalam bentuk aliran permukaan (run off)
sebagian akan masuk/meresap kedalam tanah (infiltrasi) dan sebagiannya lagi
akan menguap keudara (evapotranspirasi).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dataran banjir terbentuk akibat dari peristiwa banjir.
Dataran banjir merupakan derah yang terbentuk akibat dari sedimentasi
(pengendapan) banjir. Saat banjir terjadi, tidak hanya air yang di bawa tapi
juga tanah2 yang berasal dari hilir aliran sungai. Dataran banjir biasanya
terbentuk di daerah pertemuan2 sungai. Akibat dari peristiwa sedimentasi ini,
dataran banjir merupakan daerah yg subur bagi pertanian, mempunyai air tanah
yang dangkal sehingga cocok sekali bagi pemukiman dan perkotaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan lingkungan dimana didalamnya ada perubahan
iklim, perubahan geomorfologi, perubahan geologi dan perubahan tata ruang. Dan
kperubahan dari masyarakat itu sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hujan merupakan faktor utama penyebab banjir.
Perubahan iklim menyebabkan pola hujan berubah dimana saat ini hujan yang
terjadi mempunyai waktu yang pendek tetapi intensitasnya tinggi. Akibat keadaan
ini saluran2 yg ada tidak mampu lagi menampung besarnya aliran permukaan dan
tanah2 cepat mengalami penjenuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akibat pemanasan global menyebabkan terjadinya
perubahan pada pola iklim yg akhirnya merubah pola curah hujan, makanya jngan
heran kalau sewaktu-waktu hujan bisa sangat tinggi intensitasnya dan kadang
sangat rendah. Berdasarkan analisis statistik data curah hujan dari tahun 1900
sampai tahun 1989 terhadap variansi hujan dengan menggunakan uji F dihasilkan
bahwa telah terjadi perubahan intensitas hujan untuk lokasi Ambon, Branti,
Kotaraja, Padang, Maros, Kupang, Palembang, dan Pontianak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memang, berdasarkan kesimpulan penelitian tersebut
bukan hanya faktor iklim yang menyebabkan terjadinya banjir, tp juga di
sebabkan oleh perubahan penggunaan lahan dan penyempitan saluran drainase
(sungai). Perubahan penggunaan lahan dan otomatis juga terjadi perubahan
tutupan lahan menyebabkan semakin tingginya aliran permukaan. Aliran permukaan
terjadi apabila curah hujan telah melampaui laju infiltrasi tanah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penebangan hutan menyebabkan terjadinya kenaikan
aliran permukaan sebesar 624 mm/th. Onrizal (2005) juga mengungkapkan bahwa
penebangan hutan menyebabkan berkurangnya air tanah rata-rata sebesar 53.2
mm/bln. Sedangkan kemampuan peresapan air pada DAS berhutan lebih besar 34.9
mm/bln di bandingkan dengan DAS tidak berhutan. Selain itu hasil penelitiannya
juga menunjukkan bahwa apabila tanaman di bawah pohon hutan ~tanaman2 yg kecil2
tuh~ itu hilang akan menyebabkan peningkatan aliran permukaan yang mencapai 6.7
m3/ha/blan. Hasil penelitian Bruijnzeel (1982) dalam Onrizal (2005) yang di
lakukan pada areal DAS Kali Mondoh pada tanaman hutan memperlihatkan bahwa
debit sungai pada bulan mei, juli, agustus dan september lebih tinggi dari
curah hujan yang terjadi pada saat bulan2 tersebut, ini membuktikan bahwa
vegetasi sebagai pengatur tata air dimana pada saat hujan tanaman membatu
proses infiltrasi sehinggaa air disimpan sebagai air bawah tanah dan
dikeluarkan saat musim kemarau. Menurut Suroso dan Santoso (2006) dalam
WWF-Indonesia (2007) perubahan penggunaan lahan sangat berpengaruh terhadap
peningkatan debit sungai. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akibat dari erosi ini tanah menjadi padat, proses
infiltrasi terganggu, banyak lapisan atas tanah yang hilang dan terangkut ke
tempat-tempat yang lebih rendah, tanah yang hilang dan terangkut inilah yang
menjadi sedimentasi yang dapat mendangkalkan waduk2, bendungan2 dan sungai2.
setelah terjadi seperti itu, kapasitas daya tampung dari saluran irigasi
tersebut menjadi lebih kecil yang akhirnya dapat menyebabkan banjir walaupun
dalam kondisi curah hujan normal. Menurut Priatna (2001) kerusakan tanah akibat
terjadinya erosi dapat menyebabkan bahaya banjir pada musim hujan, pendangkalan
sungai atau waduk2 serta makin meluasnya lahan-lahan kritis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KEBAKARAN
HUTAN</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="SV">Kebakaran hutan
terjadi karena faktor alam dan faktor manusia. Faktor alam biasa terjadi pada
musim kemarau ketika cuaca sangat panas. Namun, sebab utama dari kebakaran
adalah pembukaan lahan yang meliputi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Pembakaran lahan yang tidak
terkendali sehingga merembet ke lahan lain. Pembukaan lahan tersebut
dilaksanakan baik oleh masyarakat maupun perusahaan. </span><span lang="SV">Namun bila pembukaan lahan dilaksanakan dengan
pembakaran dalam skala besar, kebakaran tersebut sulit terkendali. Pembukaan
lahan dilaksanakan untuk usaha perkebunan, HTI, pertanian lahan kering, sonor
dan mencari ikan. pembukaan lahan yang paling berbahaya adalah di daerah
rawa/gambut.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="SV">Penggunaan
lahan yang menjadikan lahan rawan kebakaran, misalnya di lahan bekas HPH dan di
daerah yang beralang-alang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="SV">Konflik
antara pihak pemerintah, perusahaan dan masyarakat karena status lahan sengketa
Perusahaan-perusahaan kelapa sawit kemudian menyewa tenaga kerja dari luar
untuk bekerja dan membakar lahan masyarakat lokal yang lahannya ingin diambil
alih oleh perusahaan, untuk mengusir masyarakat. Kebakaran mengurangi nilai
lahan dengan cara membuat lahan menjadi terdegradasi, dan dengan demikian
perusahaan akan lebih mudah dapat mengambil alih lahan dengan melakukan
pembayaran ganti rugi yang murah bagi penduduk asli.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV">d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="SV">Dalam
beberapa kasus, penduduk lokal juga melakukan pembakaran untuk memprotes
pengambil-alihan lahan mereka oleh perusahaan kelapa sawit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV">e.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="SV">Tingkat
pendapatan masyarakat yang relatif rendah, sehingga terpaksa memilih alternatif
yang mudah, murah dan cepat untuk pembukaan lahan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">f.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Kurangnya penegakan hukum terhadap
perusahaan yang melanggar peraturan pembukaan lahan </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">g.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="SV">Sambaran
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petir"><span lang="SV">petir</span></a></span><span lang="SV"> pada </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutan"><span lang="SV">hutan</span></a></span><span lang="SV"> yang
kering karena </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musim_kemarau"><span lang="SV">musim kemarau</span></a></span><span lang="SV"> yang panjang. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">h.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="SV">Kecerobohan
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia"><span lang="SV">manusia</span></a></span><span lang="SV"> antara lain membuang puntung </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokok"><span lang="SV">rokok</span></a></span><span lang="SV"> secara sembarangan dan lupa mematikan api di
perkemahan. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV">i.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="SV">Aktivitas
vulkanis seperti terkena aliran lahar atau awan panas dari letusan gunung
berapi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">j.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebakaran_bawah"><span lang="SV">Kebakaran di bawah tanah/ground fire</span></a></span><span lang="SV"> pada daerah tanah gambut yang dapat
menyulut kebakaran di atas tanah pada saat musim kemarau</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TANAH
LONGSOR</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN">Secara umum kejadian longsor disebabkan oleh dua faktor yaitu faktor
pendorong dan faktor pemicu. Faktor pendorong adalah faktor-faktor yang
memengaruhi kondisi material sendiri, sedangkan faktor pemicu adalah faktor
yang menyebabkan bergeraknya material tersebut. Meskipun penyebab utama
kejadian ini adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitasi" title="Gravitasi">gravitasi</a> yang memengaruhi suatu lereng yang curam, namun
ada pula faktor-faktor lainnya yang turut berpengaruh:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosi" title="Erosi"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">erosi</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
yang disebabkan aliran air permukaan atau air hujan, </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai" title="Sungai"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sungai-sungai</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
atau </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelombang" title="Gelombang"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">gelombang</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
laut yang menggerus kaki lereng-lereng bertambah curam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">lereng
dari bebatuan dan tanah diperlemah melalui saturasi yang diakibatkan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujan" title="Hujan"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hujan</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
lebat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi" title="Gempa bumi"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">gempa
bumi</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> menyebabkan getaran, tekanan pada
partikel-partikel mineral dan bidang lemah pada massa batuan dan tanah yang
mengakibatkan longsornya lereng-lereng tersebut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_berapi" title="Gunung berapi"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">gunung berapi</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
menciptakan simpanan debu yang lengang, hujan lebat dan aliran debu-debu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getaran" title="Getaran"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">getaran</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
dari mesin, </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalu_lintas" title="Lalu lintas"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">lalu
lintas</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, penggunaan bahan-bahan peledak, dan
bahkan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petir" title="Petir"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">petir</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">f)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">berat
yang terlalu berlebihan, misalnya dari berkumpulnya hujan atau salju<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">g)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hujan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 49.65pt left 85.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ancaman tanah longsor biasanya
dimulai pada bulan November seiring meningkatnya intensitas hujan. Musim kering
yang panjang akan menyebabkan terjadinya penguapan air di permukaan tanah dalam
jumlah besar. Muncul-lah pori-pori atau rongga tanah, kemudian terjadi retakan
dan rekahan tanah di permukaan. Pada saat hujan, air akan menyusup ke bagian
yang retak. Tanah pun dengan cepat mengembang kembali. Pada awal musim hujan,
kandungan air pada tanah menjadi jenuh dalam waktu singkat. Hujan lebat pada
awal musim dapat menimbulkan longsor karena melalui tanah yang merekah itulah,
air akan masuk dan terakumulasi di bagian dasar lereng, sehingga menimbulkan
gerakan lateral. Apabila ada pepohonan di permukaan, pelongsoran dapat dicegah
karena air akan diserap oleh tumbuhan. Akar tumbuhan juga berfungsi sebagai
pengikat tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">h)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lereng
terjal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lereng atau tebing yang terjal akan memperbesar gaya
pendorong. Lereng yang terjal terbentuk karena pengikisan air sungai, mata air,
air laut, dan angin. Kebanyakan sudut lereng yang menyebabkan longsor adalah
180 apabila ujung lerengnya terjal dan bidang longsorannya mendatar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">i)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanah yang
kurang padat dan tebal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis tanah yang kurang padat adalah tanah lempung
atau tanah liat dengan ketebalan lebih dari 2,5 meter dan sudut lereng >
220. Tanah jenis ini memiliki potensi untuk terjadinya tanah longsor, terutama
bila terjadi hujan. Selain itu, jenis tanah ini sangat rentan terhadap
pergerakan tanah karena menjadi lembek jika terkena air dan pecah jika udara
terlalu panas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">j)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Batuan
yang kurang kuat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada umumnya, batuan endapan gunungapi dan batuan
sedimen berukuran pasir dan campuran antara kerikil, pasir, dan lempung kurang
kuat. Batuan tersebut akan mudah menjadi tanah jika mengalami proses pelapukan
dan umumnya rentan terhadap tanah longsor apabila terdapat pada lereng yang
terjal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">k)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis tata
lahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanah longsor banyak terjadi di daerah tata lahan
persawahan, perladangan, dan adanya genangan air di lereng yang terjal. Pada
lahan persawahan akarnya kurang kuat untuk mengikat butir tanah dan membuat
tanah menjadi lembek dan jenuh dengan air sehingga mudah terjadi longsor.
Sedangkan untuk daerah perladangan penyebabnya adalah karena akar pohonnya
tidak dapat menembus bidang longsoran yang dalam dan umumnya terjadi di daerah
longsoran lama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">l)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Getaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Getaran yang terjadi biasanya diakibatkan oleh
gempabumi, ledakan, getaran mesin, dan getaran lalulintas kendaraan. Akibat
yang ditimbulkannya adalah tanah, badan jalan, lantai, dan dinding rumah
menjadi retak. Susut muka air danau atau
bendungan. Akibat susutnya muka air yang cepat di danau maka gaya
penahan lereng menjadi hilang, dengan sudut kemiringan waduk 220 mudah terjadi
longsoran dan penurunan tanah yang biasanya diikuti oleh retakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">m)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya beban tambahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya beban tambahan seperti beban bangunan pada
lereng, dan kendaraan akan memperbesar gaya pendorong terjadinya longsor,
terutama di sekitar tikungan jalan pada daerah lembah. Akibatnya adalah sering
terjadinya penurunan tanah dan retakan yang arahnya ke arah lembah.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">n)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengikisan/erosi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengikisan banyak dilakukan oleh air sungai ke arah
tebing. Selain itu akibat penggundulan hutan di sekitar tikungan sungai, tebing
akan menjadi terjal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">o)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya
material timbunan pada tebing</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengembangkan dan memperluas lahan pemukiman
umumnya dilakukan pemotongan tebing dan penimbunan lembah. Tanah timbunan pada
lembah tersebut belum terpadatkan sempurna seperti tanah asli yang berada di
bawahnya. Sehingga apabila hujan akan terjadi penurunan tanah yang kemudian
diikuti dengan retakan tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">p)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bekas
longsoran lama<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Longsoran lama umumnya terjadi selama dan setelah
terjadi pengendapan material gunung api pada lereng yang relatif terjal atau
pada saat atau sesudah terjadi patahan kulit bumi. Bekas longsoran lama memilki
ciri:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya tebing terjal yang panjang
melengkung membentuk tapal kuda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Umumnya dijumpai mata air, pepohonan
yang relatif tebal karena tanahnya gembur dan subur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Daerah badan longsor bagian atas
umumnya relatif landai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dijumpai longsoran kecil terutama
pada tebing lembah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dijumpai tebing-tebing relatif
terjal yang merupakan bekas longsoran kecil pada longsoran lama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dijumpai alur lembah dan pada
tebingnya dijumpai retakan dan longsoran kecil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Longsoran lama ini cukup luas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya
bidang diskontinuitas (bidang tidak sinambung)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bidang tidak sinambung ini memiliki ciri:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bidang perlapisan batuan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bidang kontak antara tanah penutup
dengan batuan dasar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bidang kontak antara batuan yang
retak-retak dengan batuan yang kuat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bidang kontak antara batuan yang
dapat melewatkan air dengan batuan yang tidak melewatkan air (kedap air).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bidang kontak antara tanah yang
lembek dengan tanah yang padat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bidang-bidang tersebut merupakan
bidang lemah dan dapat berfungsi sebagai bidang luncuran tanah longsor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">q)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggundulan
hutan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanah longsor umumnya banyak terjadi di daerah yang
relatif gundul dimana pengikatan air tanah sangat kurang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">r)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Daerah
pembuangan sampah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan lapisan tanah yang rendah untuk pembuangan
sampah dalam jumlah banyak dapat mengakibatkan tanah longsor apalagi ditambah
dengan guyuran hujan, seperti yang terjadi di Tempat Pembuangan Akhir Sampah
Leuwigajah di Cimahi. Bencana ini menyebabkan sekitar 120 orang lebih
meninggal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>Robby DmatriXhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08864984475646604162noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2513427559054930548.post-89111822849450495802012-06-04T07:00:00.001-07:002012-06-04T07:00:22.681-07:00PDAM<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 36px;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PengertianAir<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air adalah salah satu kebutuhan utama
bagi manusia, untuk kebutuhan minum, mandi, cuci, masak, dan lainnya.
Ketersediaan air bersih di sebuah kawasan sangatlah penting. Namun, mengingat
bahwa tidak semua kawasan mendapatkan air bersih, maka perlu adanya pemerataan
distribusi air bersih bagi masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kriteria air bersih biasanya meliputi 3
aspek, yaitu kualitas, kuantitas, dan kontinuitas. Dalam usaha menyediakan air
bersih, biasanya BUMN di Indonesia yang berkaitan dengan hal ini adalah PDAM –
Perusahaan Dagang Air Minum. Kadang ada yang menyindirnya sebagai Perusahaan
Dagang Air Mandi, karena terkadang air yang didistribusikan tidak memenuhi
kriteria air minum</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ecara
teknis, tulisan ini sebenarnya akan membahas mengenai jenis-jenis pengolahan
air bersih. Secara umum, pengolahan air bersih terdiri dari 3, yaitu pengolahan
secara fisika, kimia, dan biologi. Pada pengolahan secara fisika, biasanya
dilakukan secara mekanis, tanpa adanya penambahan bahan kimia. Contohnya adalah
pengendapan, filtari, adsorpsi, dan lain-lain. Pada pengolahan secara kimiawi,
terdapat penambahan bahan kimia, seperti klor, tawas, dan lain-lain, biasanya
digunakan untuk menyisihkan logam-logam berat yang terkandung dalam air. Pada
pengolahan secara biologis, biasanya memanfaatkan mikroorganisme sebagai media
pengolahnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PDAM, biasanya melakukan pengolahan
secara fisika dan kimiawi dalam proses penyediaan air bersih. Secara umum,
skema pengolahan air bersih di daerah-daerah di Indonesia terlihat seperti pada
gambar di bawah. Terdapat 3 bagian penting dalam sistem pengolahannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter">
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0">
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0">
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1">
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2">
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth">
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight">
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1">
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2">
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth">
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0">
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight">
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0">
</v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas>
<v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f">
<o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit">
</o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><v:shape alt="http://aryansah.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/skema-air-pengolahan-air-bersih.jpg" id="_x0000_i1057" style="height: 206.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 408.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="skema-air-pengolahan-air-bersih" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">SkemaPengelolaan Air Bersih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bangunan Intake<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bangunan intake ini berfungsi
sebagai bangunan pertama untuk masuknya air dari sumber air. <em>Intake</em>
yang dibangun harus memenuhi beberapa persyaratan antara lain kehandalan dalam
menyediakan air secara kontiniu, keamanan dalam beroperasi dan pembiayaan yang
minimum. Kapasitas <em>intake</em> harus mampu melayani kebutuhan maksimum
harian. Dalam pembangunan <em>intake</em> hal-hal yang harus diperhatikan
antara lain adalah: lokasi harus aman dari arus deras, terletak di hulu sungai
sehingga aman dari pencemaran, posisi <em>intake</em> yang benar agar air baku
dapat disadap secara konstan sesuai dengan kebutuhan baik pada musim kemarau
maupun pada musim hujan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada umumnya, sumber air untuk
pengolahan air bersih, diambil dari sungai. Pada bangunan intake ini biasanya
terdapat bar screen yang berfungsi untuk menyaring benda-benda yang
ikut tergenang dalam air. Selanjutnya, air akan masuk ke dalam sebuah bak yang
nantinya akan dipompa ke bangunan selanjutnya, yaitu WTP – Water Treatment
Plant.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Intake Tower</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Dibangun
sedekat mungkin ke pinggiran sungai, tetapi dengan kedalaman minimum 3 meter.
Puncak <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">intake</span> (ruangan pompa)
berada 1,5 meter di atas muka air tertinggi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Shore Intake</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Shore intake</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> memiliki variasi bentuk yang
tergantung kepada situasi lapangan, tetapi yang pasti terletak di pinggiran
sungai. Jenis-jenis <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">shore intake</span>
yang umum digunakan antara lain adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Siphone Well Intake</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Ciri khas
dari <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">intake</span> ini adalah memiliki
saluran air masuk ke bangunan <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">intake</span>
berupa pipa, sehingga tekanan air yang berfluktuasi tidak memberi pengaruh pada
interior <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">intake</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Floating Intake</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Struktur <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">intake</span> yang ringkas diletakkan di
atas sebuah pelampung yang terapung dan bergerak naik turun mengikuti fluktuasi
muka air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Suspended Intake</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Memiliki
karakteristik dimana pipa hisap dibenamkan ke dalam sumber air tanpa
menggunakan bangunan pelindung dan langsung tercampur dengan aliran sumber air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Intake crib</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Struktur <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">intake</span> dibuat terbenam di dasar
sungai dengan kedalaman besar dari 3 m dari permukaan air. Lokasi dipilih
dengan resiko terkecil terhadap kemungkinan hanyut oleh arus sungai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Intake pipe/conduit</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Pengambilan
air dari mata air dilakukan dengan pipa/saluran, dengan kecepatan maksimun
1,2-1,9 m/s untuk mencegah akumulasi sedimen pada saluran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Infiltration gallery</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Sistem
ini memiliki galeri pipa dengan lubang yang banyak (<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">perforated pipe</span>) yang dibungkus dengan kerikil. Biasanya
dibangun di bawah dasar sungai sejajar dengan tepi sungai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Bagian-bagian
dari suatu <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">intake </span>pada umumnya
tergantung pada kebutuhan dan kondisi dimana <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">intake</span> tersebut didirikan, umumnya elemen-lemen <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">intake</span> terdiri atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Bangunan <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">intake</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Umumnya
memiliki konstruksi beton bertulang (<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">reinforced
concrete</span>) agar memiliki ketahanan yang baik terhadap kemungkinan hanyut
oleh arus sungai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Inletintake</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Inlet intake</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> dapat berupa saluran segi empat
atau bundar yang dilengkapi dengan <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">bar
screen </span>untuk menyaring material kasar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Saringan
halus (<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Strainer</span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Berfungsi
untuk menyaring material yang mengapung dan ikan-ikan kecil yang dapat
menghambat penghisapan air baku pada ujung pipa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Suction well</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> (<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">intake well</span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Adalah
bangunan penampung air baku yang akan dihisap oleh pompa atau dialiri secara
gravitasi. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Intake well</span> harus
cukup lebar agar mudah dimasuki oleh operator saat melakukan pembersihan. Waktu
detensi yang dianjurkan adalah kurang dari 20 menit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Pipa <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">backwash</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Berfungsi
untuk melakukan pengurasan <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">intake well</span>
saat endapan pasir dan material lain sudah menumpuk, biasanya dilengkapi dengan
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">valve</span> penguras.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Pompa
hisap dan ruangan pompa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Berada
diatas sumur <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">intake</span> dengan
jarak minimal 1,5 m dari muka air. Ruangan pompa harus cukup lebar dan nyaman
untuk dimasuki oleh operator saat melakukan pengontrolan dan pembersihan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water Treatment Plant<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water Treatment Plant atau lebih
populer dengan akronim WTP adalah bangunan utama pengolahan air bersih.
Biasanya bagunan ini terdiri dari 4 bagian, yaitu : bak koagulasi, bak
flokulasi, bak sedimentasi, dan bak filtrasi. Nah, sekarang kita bahas satu per
satu bagian-bagian ini.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">K</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">OAGULASI</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://aryansah.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/koagulasi.jpg" id="_x0000_i1056" style="height: 183.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 370.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="koagulasi" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Skema
pengolahan air bersih</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Koagulasi
adalah proses penggumpalan partikel koloid karena penambahan bahan kimia
sehingga partikel-partikel tersebut bersifat netral dan membentuk endapan
karena adanya gaya grafitasi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
bangunan intake, air akan dipompa ke bak koagulasi ini. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ada proses koagulasi
ini dilakukan proses destabilisasi partikel koloid, karena pada dasarnya air
sungai atau air-air kotor biasanya berbentuk koloid dengan berbagai partikel
koloid yang terkandung di dalamnya. Destabilisasi partikel koloid ini bisa
dengan penambahan bahan kimia berupa tawas, ataupun dilakukan secara fisik
dengan rapid mixing (pengadukan cepat), hidrolis (terjunan
atauhydrolic jump), maupun secara mekanis (menggunakan batang pengaduk).
Biasanya pada WTP dilakukan dengan cara hidrolis berupa hydrolic jump.
Lamanya proses adalah 30 – 90 detik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mekanismekoagulasi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo3; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara
fisika<br />
Koagulasi dapat terjadi secara fisik seperti :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemanasan, Kenaikan
suhu sistem koloid menyebabkan tumbukan antar partikel-partikel sol dengan
molekul-molekul air bertambah banyak. Hal ini melepaskan elektrolit yang
teradsorpsi pada permukaan koloid. Akibatnya partikel tidak bermuatan. contoh: darah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengadukan, contoh:
tepung kanji<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendinginan, contoh:
agar-agar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara
kimia <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan
secara kimia seperti penambahan elektrolit, pencampuran koloid yang berbeda
muatan, dan penambahan zat kimia koagulan. Ada beberapa hal yang dapat
menyebabkan koloid bersifat netral, yaitu:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggunakan Prinsip
Elektroforesis. Proses elektroforesis adalah pergerakan partikel-partikel
koloid yang bermuatan ke elektrode dengan muatan yang berlawanan. Ketika
partikel ini mencapai elektrode, maka sistem koloid akan kehilangan muatannya
dan bersifat netral. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penambahan koloid,
dapat terjadi sebagai berikut:<br />
Koloid yang bermuatan negatif akan menarik ion positif (kation), sedangkan
koloid yang bermuatan positif akan menarik ion negatif (anion). Ion-ion
tersebut akan membentuk selubung lapisan kedua. Apabila selubung lapisan kedua
itu terlalu dekat maka selubung itu akan menetralkan muatan koloid sehingga
terjadi koagulasi. Makin besar muatan ion makin kuat daya tariknya dengan
partikel koloid, sehingga makin cepat terjadi koagulasi. (Sudarmo,2004)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penambahan Elektrolit.
Jika suatu elektrolit ditambahkan pada sistem koloid, maka partikel koloid yang
bermuatan negatif akan mengadsorpsi koloid dengan muatan positif (kation) dari
elektrolit. Begitu juga sebaliknya, partikel positif akan mengadsorpsi partikel
negatif (anion) dari elektrolit. Dari adsorpsi diatas, maka terjadi
koagulasi. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
proses koagulasi,stabilitas koloid sangat berpengaruh.stabilitas merupakan daya
tolak koloid karena partikel-partikel mempunyai muatan permukaan sejenis
(negatip).Beberapa gaya yang menyebabkan stabilitas partikel, yaitu:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gaya elektrostatik
yaitu gaya tolak menolak tejadi jikapartikel-partikel mempunyai muatan yang
sejenis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bergabung dengan
molekul air (reaksi hidrasi)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stabilisasi yang disebabkan
oleh molekul besar yang diadsorpsi pada permukaan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi proses koagulasiantara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Kualitas air meliputi gas-gas terlarut, warna,
kekeruhan, rasa, bau, dankesadahan;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Jumlahdankarakteristikkoloid;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Derajatkeasaman air (pH);<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Pengadukancepat, dankecepatan<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> paddle</span>;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Temperatur air;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Alkalinitas air,
bilaterlalurendahditambahdenganpembubuhankapur;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Karakteristik ion-ion dalam air<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">FLOKULASI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://aryansah.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/flokulasi.jpg" id="_x0000_i1055" style="height: 225pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 384.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="flokulasi" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Proses
Flokulasi Partikel Koloid</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah dari unit koagulasi, selanjutnya
air akan masuk ke dalam unit flokulasi. Unit ini ditujukan untuk membentuk dan
memperbesar flok. Teknisnya adalah dengan dilakukan pengadukan lambat (slow
mixing).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Flokulasi adalah proses
pengadukan lambat agar campuran koagulan dan air baku yang telah merata
membentuk gumpalan atau flok dan dapat mengendap dengan cepat.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Tujuan utama flokulasi adalah membawa
partikel ke dalam hubungan sehingga partikel-partikel tersebut saling
bertabrakan, kemudian melekat, dan tumbuh mejadi ukuran yang siap turun
mengendap. Pengadukan lambat sangat diperlukan untuk membawa flok dan
menyimpannya pada bak flokulasi.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebelum tiba di bak
flokulasi, air sudah dikoagulasikan, dan sudah memiliki inti flok (microflocs).
Sehingga kini saatnya mendorong inti flok menjadi kumpulan dan membentuk flok
yang lebih besar. Waktu penahanan sekitar 20 sampai 60 menit dibutuhkan, oleh
karena itu bak flokulasi harus 50 kali lebih besar dari unit kecepatan
pengadukan. Pergejolakan yang lembut diperlukan pada unit ini untuk menaikkan
pengadukkan dengan seksama. Meskipun pengadukan seharusnya tidak terlalu keras
karena akan menyebabkan rusaknya flok yang sudah terbentuk.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Proses
flokulasidalampengolahan air bertujuanuntukmempercepat proses
penggabunganflok-flok yang telahdibibitkanpada proses koagulasi. Partikel-partikel
yang telahdistabilkanselanjutnyasalingbertumbukansertamelakukan proses
tarik-menarikdanmembentukflok yang ukurannyamakin lama
makinbesarsertamudahmengendap.
Gradienkecepatanmerupakanfaktorpentingdalamdesainbakflokulasi.Jikanilaigradienterlalubesarmakagayageser
yang timbulakanmencegahpembentukanflok,
sebaliknyajikanilaigradienterlalurendah/tidakmemadaimaka proses
penggabunganantarpartikulattidakakanterjadidanflokbesarsertamudahmengendapakansulitdihasilkan.
Untukitunilaigradienkecepatan proses flokulasidianjurkanberkisarantara
90/detikhingga 30/detik. Untukmendapatkanflok yang
besardanmudahmengendapmakabakflokulasidibagiatastigakompartemen,
dimanapadakompertemenpertamaterjadi proses pendewasaanflok,
padakompartemenkeduaterjadi proses penggabunganflok,
danpadakompartemenketigaterjadipemadatanflok.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Pengadukanlambat (<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">agitasi</span>) pada proses
flokulasidapatdilakukandenganmetoda yang samadenganpengadukancepatpada proses
koagulasi, perbedaannyaterletakpadanilaigradienkecepatan di manapada proses
flokulasinilaigradienjauhlebihkecildibandinggradienkecepatankoagulasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">SEDIMENTASI</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://aryansah.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/sedimentasi.jpg" id="_x0000_i1054" style="height: 190.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 371.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="sedimentasi" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Proses
Sedimentasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah melewati proses destabilisasi
partikel koloid melalui unit koagulasi dan unit flokulasi, selanjutnya
perjalanan air akan masuk ke dalam unit sedimentasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedimentasi adalah
proses pemisahan padatan yang terkandung dalam limbah cair oleh gaya gravitasi,
pada umumnya proses Sedimentasi dilakukan setelah proses Koagulasi dan
Flokulasi dimana tujuannya adalah untuk memperbesar partikel padatan sehingga
menjadi lebih berat dan dapat tenggelam dalam waktu lebih singkat.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedimentasi
bisa dilakukan pada awal maupun pada akhir dari unit sistim pengolahan. Jika
kekeruhan dari influent tinggi,sebaiknya dilakukan proses sedimentasi awal
(primary sedimentation) didahului dengan koagulasi dan flokulasi, dengan
demikian akan mengurangi beban pada treatment berikutnya. Sedangkan secondary
sedimentation yang terletak pada akhir treatment gunanya untuk memisahkan dan
mengumpulkan lumpur dari proses sebelumnya (activated sludge, OD, dlsb) dimana
lumpur yang terkumpul tersebut dipompakan keunit pengolahan lumpur tersendiri.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Unit sedimentasi merupakan
peralatan yang berfungsi untuk
memisahkan solid dan liquid dari suspensi untuk
menghasilkan air yang lebih jernih dan konsentrasi lumpur yang lebih kental
melalui pengendapan secara gravitasi. Secara keseluruhan, fungsi
unit sedimentasi dalam instalasi pengolahan adalah:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengurangi beban kerja
unit filtrasi dan memperpanjang umur pemakaian unit penyaring selanjutnya;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengurangi biaya
operasi instalasi pengolahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor-faktor
yang dapat meningkatkan efisiensi bak pengendapan adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Luas
bidang pengendapan;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan baffle pada
bak sedimentasi;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendangkalkan
bak;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemasangan
plat miring.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">FILTRASI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://aryansah.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/filtasi.jpg" id="_x0000_i1053" style="height: 191.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 363.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="filtasi" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Unit
Filtrasi</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah proses sedimentasi, proses
selanjutnya adalah filtrasi. Unit filtrasi ini, sesuai dengan namanya, adalah
untuk menyaring dengan media berbutir. Media berbutir ini biasanya terdiri dari
antrasit, pasir silica, dan kerikil silica denga ketebalan berbeda. Dilakukan secara
grafitasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Proses
filtrasimerupakanpenyaringan <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">suspended
solid</span> dankoloidal <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">solid </span>dari
air bakumenggunakan media berporisepertipasir, antrasit, garnet.
Fungsiutamadari unit filtrasiadalahmenyaringsemuaflok-flokhalus yang
tidakterendapkanpada unit sedimentasi. Proses filtrasi air
bakudapatdilakukantanpadidahuluiolehkoagulasi, flokulasi,
dansedimentasibilakekeruhan air bakukecildari 10 NTU. Jenis-jenis filter
menurutjumlah media yang digunakan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">a. Saringan media tunggal;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">b. Saringan media ganda;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">c. Saringanmulti media.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Karakteristikbutiran
media adalahfaktorpenentuefisiensi proses filtrasi. Ukuran media yang
efektifdidapatkandenganmenentukannilai <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">effective size</span> (ES), yaituukuranayakan yang melewatkan 10%
beratpasir, dan <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">uniformity
coefficient</span> (UC), yaituukuranayakan yang melewatkan 60% beratpasir.
Berdasarkankecepatanpenyaringan, unit filterdibagiatasduabagian, yakni:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">1. SaringanPasirLambat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">digunakanapabilakekeruhan air baku< 10 NTU.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">2. SaringanPasirCepat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">digunakanapabilakekeruhan air baku> 10 NTU.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Bila unit
filtrasimenggunakan media lebihdarisatumakadiusahakan agar kedua media
memilikikecepatanpengendapan yang berbedadimana media paling bawahmemilikiberat
yang lebihsehinggalebihcepatmengendap, sehingga media
tidaktercampurpadasaatpencucian (<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">backwash</span>).
Pencucian filter (<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">backwash</span>)
dilakukansetiapharidenganpompa <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">backwash</span> ataumenggunakantekanan
air reservoar yang disambungkankepipa <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">backwash</span> filter melaluijalur <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">by-pass</span>. Keuntungandarisistem yang
keduaadalahefisiendalamoperasionaldanpemeliharaandimanatidakdibutuhkanpompa <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">backwash</span>, energilistrik,
danperawatanpompa.Sisteminibiasanyadigunakanjikaperbedaanelevasiantara <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">intake </span>daninstalasipengolahancukupbesar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Pengontrolankinerja filter inidilihatdaribeberapaindikator, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Kekeruhan <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">filtered water </span>£ 0,5 NTU;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Durasioperasi
filter diantaradua <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">backwash</span>;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Rasiojumlah air
yang digunakanpada proses <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">backwash</span> terhadap
air yang tersaringsebelum <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">backwash</span>,
filter yang terpeliharabaikmemilikirasio 2-3%;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Volume air yang
difilter per unit luas media filter selamaoperasi filter. Dikenaldengan <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Unit Filter Run Volume</span> (UFRV).
Untuk filter normal besarnyanilai UFRV = 37,85 m3 (10.000 gallon).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Kehilangan
media butiranselama <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">backwash</span> harusselaludikontroldandiminimalisir,
untuk media pasirkehilangan normal 1-2% darikedalaman total filter , untuk
media antrasitkehilangan normal 3-5% pertahun;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Pencucian
filter dilakukandenganpembukaankatup <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">backwash</span> secaraperlahan-lahansampaitinggi air
menutupiseluruhpermukaanlapisan filter, barukemudian <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">flow rate backwash</span> diperbesarhinggatitik <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">full-scale</span>, jikabukaankatup <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">backwash</span> dilakukansecaramendadakmakadapatterjadipengangkatan
media penyangga (kerikil) keatas media penyaring,
fenomenainidikenaldengan <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">overlapping</span> yang
mengakibatkansusunan media penyaringmenjaditidakterkontrol, sehinggabakharusdikeringkanuntukdiperiksa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">DESINFEKSI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Desinfeksiadalahpembasmiansecaraselektifmikroorganismepatogen
yang adadalam air reservoar.Sebelum air bersihdidistribusikan proses
desinfeksimutlakdilakukansebaikapapunhasilpengolahan yang diperoleh.
Desinfeksidapatdilakukanmenggunakanduamacamagendesinfektan, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">agenkimia
: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">CalciumHyphochloride</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> (CaOCl2), <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">ChlorineDiokside</span> (ClO2), <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Bromine Chloride</span> (BrCl), Ozon (O3), Cl2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">agenfisik :
Sinar ultra violet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Proses
pembunuhanmikroorganismepatogenolehagendesinfektanterjadimelaluibeberapafase,
yakni:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">1. Perusakandindingselmikroorganisme;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">2. Merubahpermeabilitassel;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">3. Merubahsifatkoloidalmikroorganisme;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">4. Menghalangiaktivitasenzim.</span><a href="" name="_GoBack"></a><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Dalaminstalasipengolahan
air bersihjenisdesinfektan yang paling seringdigunakanadalah <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Calcium Hipochloride</span>.Dosis <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">chlor</span> yang
digunakandidasarkanpadadayapengikat <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">chlor</span> (DPC)
air bakudankebutuhanwaktukontak. Sisa <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">chlor</span> yang diinginkanpadasalurandistribusiberkisarantara
0,3-0,5 ppm .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">RESERVOIR</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah dari WTP dan berupa clear
water, sebelum didistribusikan, air masuk ke dalam reservoir. Reservoir ini
berfungsi sebagai tempat penampungan sementara air bersih sebelum
didistribusikan melalui pipa-pipa secara grafitasi. Karena kebanyakan
distribusi di kita menggunakan grafitasi, maka reservoir ini biasanya
diletakkan di tempat dengan eleveasi lebih tinggi daripada tempat-tempat yang
menjadi sasaran distribusi. Biasanya terletak diatas bukit, atau gunung.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://aryansah.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/reservoir.jpg" id="_x0000_i1052" style="height: 168.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 353.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="reservoir" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><span lang="IN">Reservoir air bersih</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reservoar
yang digunakan pada instalasi pengolahan air bersih berfungsi untuk menampung
air hasil pengolahan sebelum didistribusikan, serta melindungi air hasil
pengolahan dari kontaminasi oleh air hujan, debu,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>algae</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>maupun sinar matahari langsung.
Kedalaman efektif reservoar umumnya berkisar antara 3 hingga 6 meter. Reservoar
diletakkan pada akhir instalasi dengan muka<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>level</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>air lebih rendah dari muka air unit
filter, dan diusahakan tidak ada fluktuasi. Volume reservoar dirancang sebesar
15-20% dari kebutuhan air per hari.</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gabungan dari unit-unit pengolahan air
ini disebut IPA – Instalasi Pengolahan Air. Untuk menghemat biaya pembangunan,
biasanya Intake, WTP, dan Reservoir dibangun dalam satu kawasan dengan
ketinggian yang cukup tinggi, sehingga tidak diperlukan pumping station dengan
kapasitas pompa dorong yang besar untuk menyalurkan air dari WTP ke
reservoir. Barulah, setelah dari reservoir, air bersih siap untuk
didistribusikan melalui pipa-pipa dengan berbagai ukuran ke tiap daerah
distribusi.</span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<br />
</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://aryansah.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/treatment.gif" id="_x0000_i1051" style="height: 349.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 360.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="treatment" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><v:shape alt="" id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 24pt; width: 24pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"></v:shape></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">HASIL PENGAMATAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PDAM Sukaraja<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; width: 580px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 435.0pt;" width="580">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 255); border-bottom-style: outset; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 255); border-left-style: outset; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 255); border-right-style: outset; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 255); border-top-style: outset; border-top-width: 1pt; width: 592px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 38.3pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 38.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 207.75pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1050" o:gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQDI4TOSFQEAAFICAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbKSSTW7DIBCF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==
" style="height: 140.25pt; visibility: visible; width: 184.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.png">
<o:lock aspectratio="f" v:ext="edit">
</o:lock></v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 231.7pt;" valign="top" width="309">
<div class="MsoBlockText" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jar test
adalah suatu percobaan yang berfungsi untuk menentukan dosis optimal dari
koagulan (biasanya tawas/alum) yang digunakn pada proses pengolahan air
bersih. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBlockText" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kekeruhan
air dapat dihilangkan melalui pembubuhan koagulan. Umumnya koagulan
tersebut berupa Al<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;">2</span></sub>(SO<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;">4</span></sub>)<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;">3, </span></sub>namun dapat pula berupa
garam FeCl<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;">3 </span></sub>atau sesuatu poly-elektrolit organis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBlockText" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Selain
pembubuhan koagulan diperlukan pengadukan sampai terbentuk flok. Flok-flok
ini mengumpulkan partikel-partikel kecil dan koloid yang tumbuh dan
akhirnya bersama-sama mengendap. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBlockText" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cara
kerja : </span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBlockText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 39.45pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Diambil
sampel air baku kira-kira 4 liter <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBlockText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 39.45pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dicek dan
dicatat turbidity serta pH awal dari air sampel <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBlockText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 39.45pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Disediakan
6 buah beaker glass dan masing-masing diisi dengan 500 ml air sampel <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBlockText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 39.45pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ke dalam
masing-masing beaker glass tersebut diinjeksikan alum dengan konsentrasi 1
% dan dengan dosis tawas tertentu untuk tiap beaker glass. Penentuan dosis
yang ditambahkan diambil dari tabel estimasi alum untuk turbidity tertentu
(range atas dan range bawah) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBlockText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 39.45pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Meletakkan
beaker glass pada alat flokulator <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBlockText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 39.45pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Diaduk
dengan kecepatan 140 rpm selama 5 menit <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBlockText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 39.45pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kemudian
pengadukan dilakukan dengan kecepatan 40 rpm selama 10 menit <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBlockText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 39.45pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Didiamkan
selama 15 menit sampai 30 menit <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBlockText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 39.45pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dicek dan
dicatat turbidity untuk masing-masing beaker glass <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 207.75pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1049" style="height: 117pt; mso-wrap-style: square; rotation: 90; visibility: visible; width: 114pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="DSC02389" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 231.7pt;" valign="top" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Raw Water Pump (Pressure Gauge)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk mengetahui tekanan dalam pompa, sesuai
jaringan pipa air baku.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 207.75pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1048" style="height: 135pt; mso-wrap-style: square; rotation: 90; visibility: visible; width: 180pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="DSC02392" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 231.7pt;" valign="top" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Emergency stop <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemadam pompa secara darurat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 207.75pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1047" style="height: 139.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 157.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="DSC02421" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 231.7pt;" valign="top" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Inlet Work <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">mengontakkan udara dengan air
baku agar kandungan zat besi dan mangan yang ada dalam air baku bereaksi
dengan oksigen yang ada dalam udara memben tuk senyawa besi dan senyawa
mangan yang dapat diendapkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 207.75pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1046" style="height: 123pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 151.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="DSC02426" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 231.7pt;" valign="top" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T.W <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk pencucian pipa, dengan gelembung bola
busa. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 207.75pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_9" o:spid="_x0000_i1045" style="height: 123pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 164.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="DSC02433" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 231.7pt;" valign="top" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bak flokulasi <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah bangunan atau sarana untuk
proses pembentukan "flok" bagi partikel-partikel pengeruh pada
air baku.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Flokulator <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terrdapat 6 unit untuk 200 L/detik <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 207.75pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_10" o:spid="_x0000_i1044" style="height: 128.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 171pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="DSC02430" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image014.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 231.7pt;" valign="top" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bak
sedimentasi <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah bangunan atau sarana untuk
menghilangkan partikel-partikel pengeruh dalam air dengan cara penyaringan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 207.75pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Instalasi Pengolahan
Air (IPA)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 231.7pt;" valign="top" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah suatu kesatuan bangunanbangunan
yang berfuingsi mengolah air baku meniadi air bersih/minum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 13.25pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 207.75pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_11" o:spid="_x0000_i1043" style="height: 139.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; rotation: 90; visibility: visible; width: 186pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="DSC02394" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.25pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 231.7pt;" valign="top" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pen Stock <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 25.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk mengetahui pintu air<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 25.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dilakukan untuk pengurasan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 25.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengurasan kolam dilakukan 6 bulan sekali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 50.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 50.85pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 207.75pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_12" o:spid="_x0000_i1042" style="height: 140.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; rotation: 90; visibility: visible; width: 187.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="DSC02485" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image016.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 50.85pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 231.7pt;" valign="top" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenset <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan kapasitas 400 hpt<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 207.75pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_13" o:spid="_x0000_i1041" style="height: 129.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 173.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="DSC02442" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image017.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 231.7pt;" valign="top" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Filtrasi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada proses pengendapan, tidak semua gumpalan
kotoran dapat diendapkan semua. Butiran gumpalan kotoran dengan ukuran yang
besar dan berat akan mengendap, sedangkan yang berukuran kecil dan ringan
masih melayang-layang dalam air. Untuk mendapatkan air yang betul-betul
jernih harus dilakukan proses penyaringan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyaringan
dilakukan dengan mengalirkan air yang telah diendapkan kotorannya ke bak
penyaring yang terdiri dari saringan pasir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 38.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 38.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 207.75pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_14" o:spid="_x0000_i1040" style="height: 152.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 202.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="DSC02469" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image018.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 231.7pt;" valign="top" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pompa Flower <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk menguras filter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 13.25pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 207.75pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_16" o:spid="_x0000_i1039" style="height: 131.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 174.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="DSC02487" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image019.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.25pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 231.7pt;" valign="top" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ruangan Panel <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tempat pengoperasian <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 13.25pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 207.75pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_17" o:spid="_x0000_i1038" style="height: 118.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 157.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="DSC02409" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image020.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.25pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 231.7pt;" valign="top" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Instalasi Koagulasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdapat 3 pompa, masing – masing kecepatan
350 L/jam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3 pompa penginjeksian soda ash dan kaporit. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menggunakan 2 pompa dalam pencucian filter
Clear Water Pump : penginjeksian kaporit <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Papan Ukur<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk mengetahui kalibrasi ukuran alumunium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yang dipakai. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 207.75pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_18" o:spid="_x0000_i1037" style="height: 126.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 168.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="DSC02368" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image021.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 231.7pt;" valign="top" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Instalasi Intake <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 38.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 38.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 207.75pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_19" o:spid="_x0000_i1036" style="height: 114pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 152.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="DSC02371" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image022.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 231.7pt;" valign="top" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intake <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah bangunan penangkap air atau tempat
air masuk dari sungai, danau atau sumber air permukaan lainnya ke instalasi
pengolahan;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intake bendung <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah suatu jenis intake yang menggunakan
bendung untuk mendapatkan airnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intake sumuran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah suatu jenis intake dengan menggunakan
saluran di dasar sungai untuk mendapatkan airnya <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 26.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 16;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 26.5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 207.75pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_20" o:spid="_x0000_i1035" style="height: 122.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 162.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="DSC02414" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image023.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 231.7pt;" valign="top" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengadukan zat- zat kimia dalam proses
koagulasi, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdapat bak soda ash, alumunium sulfat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 17;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 25.05pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 207.75pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_21" o:spid="_x0000_i1034" style="height: 119.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 159pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="DSC02397" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image024.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.05pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 231.7pt;" valign="top" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bak penampung air dari sumber air baku.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ukuran : dinding kurang lebih 15 m dan
kedalaman air 5 m<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 38.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 18;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 38.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 207.75pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Desinfektan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 231.7pt;" valign="top" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah bahan kimia yang digunakan untuk
membubuh kimia penyebab penyakit dan lutut. Pendesinfektan Dilakukan di air
sebakul.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 19; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 13.25pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 207.75pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_22" o:spid="_x0000_i1033" style="height: 149.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 198.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="DSC02514" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.25pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 231.7pt;" valign="top" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water Treatment
Plant<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water
Treatment Plant atau lebih populer dengan akronim WTP adalah bangunan
utama pengolahan air bersih. Biasanya bagunan ini terdiri dari 4 bagian,
yaitu : bak koagulasi, bak flokulasi, bak sedimentasi, dan bak filtrasi. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PDAM Surabaya<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; width: 587px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 439.95pt;" width="587">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 255); border-bottom-style: outset; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 255); border-left-style: outset; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 255); border-right-style: outset; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 255); border-top-style: outset; border-top-width: 1pt; width: 585px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 38.3pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 38.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 242.0pt;" valign="top" width="323">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1032" style="height: 178.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; rotation: -90; visibility: visible; width: 134.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="foto0182" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image026.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 192.45pt;" valign="top" width="257">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intake sumuran <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah suatu jenis intake dengan menggunakan
saluran di dasar sungai untuk mendapatkan airnya <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 242.0pt;" valign="top" width="323">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber air sungai
bengkulu di surabaya <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 192.45pt;" valign="top" width="257">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada 4 unit <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Instalasi 1929 belanda kapasitas 60L/detik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Instalasi 1990 bantuan prancis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan kapasitas 40 L/detik <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Instalasi Lepen Kencana 1 sengan kapasitas
50 L/detik <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Instalasi Lepen kencana 2 dengan kapasitas
50 L/detik <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 242.0pt;" valign="top" width="323">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_i1031" style="height: 213pt; mso-wrap-style: square; rotation: -90; visibility: visible; width: 160.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="foto0183" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 192.45pt;" valign="top" width="257">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pompa Intake terbenam di air atau disebut
dengan Submer Sibble dengan kapasitas 40 L/detik di gabung dengan intake
dengan kapasitas 50 L/detik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Instalasi intake buatan belanda dengan
kapasitas 60 L/detik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 242.0pt;" valign="top" width="323">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1030" style="height: 204pt; mso-wrap-style: square; rotation: -90; visibility: visible; width: 153pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="foto0185" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image028.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 192.45pt;" valign="top" width="257">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koagulasi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemberian tawas pada air baku <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 242.0pt;" valign="top" width="323">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1029" style="height: 213.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; rotation: -90; visibility: visible; width: 160.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="foto0184" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image029.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 192.45pt;" valign="top" width="257">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Flokulator <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 242.0pt;" valign="top" width="323">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_5" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" style="height: 201pt; mso-wrap-style: square; rotation: -90; visibility: visible; width: 150.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="foto0194" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image030.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 192.45pt;" valign="top" width="257">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bak flokulasi
Buatan indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah bangunan atau sarana untuk proses
pembentukan "flok" bagi partikel-partikel pengeruh pada
air baku.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 242.0pt;" valign="top" width="323">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_6" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" style="height: 200.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; rotation: -90; visibility: visible; width: 150pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="foto0195" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image031.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 192.45pt;" valign="top" width="257">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bak
sedimentasi <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah bangunan atau sarana untuk
menghilangkan partikel-partikel pengeruh dalam air dengan cara penyaringan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 242.0pt;" valign="top" width="323">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_7" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" style="height: 236.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; rotation: -90; visibility: visible; width: 177pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="Foto0203" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\hp\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image032.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.8pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 192.45pt;" valign="top" width="257">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Water Treatment Plant <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; height: 13.25pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 242.0pt;" valign="top" width="323">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reservoir<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset #CCCCFF 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.25pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 192.45pt;" valign="top" width="257">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah tempat penyimpanan air untuk
sementara sebelum didistribusikan kepada konsumen jika diperlukan suatu
waktu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 14px;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /></span></span></h2>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 2.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: right 451.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://rangminang.web.id/2010/06/intake/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://rangminang.web.id/2010/06/intake/</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://flutist0410.wordpress.com/2011/09/04/instalasi-pengolahan-air-bersih/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://flutist0410.wordpress.com/2011/09/04/instalasi-pengolahan-air-bersih/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://lingkunganbumi.blogspot.com/2010/01/makalah-koagulasi.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://lingkunganbumi.blogspot.com/2010/01/makalah-koagulasi.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 376.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://rangminang.web.id/2010/06/koagulasi-dan-flokulasi/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://rangminang.web.id/2010/06/koagulasi-dan-flokulasi/</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://envist2.blogspot.com/2009/05/flokulasi.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://envist2.blogspot.com/2009/05/flokulasi.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl.php?mod=browse&op=read&id=jbptitbpp-gdl-s2-1994-ssanoesi1818"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl.php?mod=browse&op=read&id=jbptitbpp-gdl-s2-1994-ssanoesi1818</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/materi_kimia/kimia-industri/limbah-industri/sedimentasi-pengendapan-pada-pengolahan-limbah-cair/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.chem-is-try.org/materi_kimia/kimia-industri/limbah-industri/sedimentasi-pengendapan-pada-pengolahan-limbah-cair/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 376.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://digilib.uns.ac.id/pengguna.php?mn=detail&d_id=9293"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://digilib.uns.ac.id/pengguna.php?mn=detail&d_id=9293</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>Robby DmatriXhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08864984475646604162noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2513427559054930548.post-9133288977070089542012-03-18T21:43:00.000-07:002012-03-18T21:43:37.802-07:00Penyehatan Air<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">BAB I</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 24.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 24.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">LATAR BELAKANG</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air
merupakan kebutuhan utama bagi proses kehidupan di bumi, sehingga tidak ada
kehidupan seandainya tidak ada air di bumi. Namun, air dapat menjadi malapetaka
jika tersedia dalam kondisi yang tidak benar, baik kualitas maupun kuantitas
airnya. Air yang bersih sangat dibutuhkan maunia, baik untuk keperluan
sehari-hari, untuk keperluan industri, untuk kebersihan sanitasi kota, dan
sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kondisi
geografis suatu lokasi merupakan salah satu penyebab prosentase jumlah sumber
air bervariasi. Sehingga tidak jarang pula tempat yang tidak memiliki sumber
air bersih. Walaupun demikian, tempat yang memiliki sumber air dengan debit
yang cukup tinggi juga mendapat masalah, misalnya kualitas sumber air yang
kurang memenuhi syarat sebagai air minum bahkan kurang memenuhi syarat untuk
dijadikan sumber air bersih. Yang lebih mengherankan lagi masalah tersebut
tidak terletak pada kualitasnya tetapi pada sistem distribusinya yang kurang
maksimal sehingga masyarakat kurang bisa merasakan keberadaan air bersih
tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di
zaman sekarang, air menjadi masalah yang memerlukan perhatian serius. Untuk
mendapatkan air yang baik sesuai dengan standar terntentu sudah cukup sulit
untuk di dapatkan. Hal ini dikarenakan air sudah banyak tercemar oleh
bermacam-macam limbah dari berbagai hasil kegiatan manusia. Sehingga
menyebabkan kualitas air menurun, begitupun dengan kuantitasnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Telah
terjadi banyak sekali pencemaran air, seperti di Teluk Jakarta yang berakibat
bagi para petambak. Bukan hanya beberapa spesies ikan yang hilang, tetapi udang
dan bandeng juga banyak yang mati. Secara kimiawi, pencemaran yang terjadi di
Teluk Jakarta termasuk cukup parah. Sehingga indicator pencemar seperti kerang
hijau terlah berkembang secara pesat. Selain itu, penggunaan pestisida yang
berlebihan dan berlangsung lama juga akan berakibat terjadinya pencemaran air.
Seperti yang terjadi di NTB, dimana terjadi pencemaran air akibat penggunaan
pestisida yang berlebihan dalam waktu yang lama. Petani menggunakan pestisida di
sekitar mata air Lingsar dan Ranget (Bali Post, 14/8/03).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Krisis
air juga terjadi di hampir semua P.Jawa dan sebagian Sumatera, terutama
kota-kota besar baik akibat pencemaran limbah cair industri, rumah tangga
maupun pertanian. Selain merosotnya kualitas air akibat pencemaran, krisis air
juga terjadi dari kurangnya ketersediaan air dan terjadinya erosi akibat
pembabatan hutan di hulu serta perubahan pemanfaatan lahan di hulu dan hilir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencemaran
air yang terjadi di berbagai wilayah di Indonesia, seperti beberapa contoh di
atas, telah mengakibatkan terjadinya krisis air bersih. Lemahnya pengawasan
pemerintah serta keengganan untuk melakukan penegakan hukum secara benar
menjadikan problem pencemaran air menjadi hal yang kronis yang makin lama makin
parah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pengelolaan sumber daya air yang kurang baik
dapat menyebakan kekurangan air, monopolisasi serta privatisasi dan bahkan
menyulut konflik. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 24.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Tujuan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Mengetahui
Sumber-sumber dan bahan-bahan pencemaran air.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Mengetahui
dampak pencemaran air.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Mengetahui
indicator pencemaran air.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Mengetahui
tindakan pencegahan dan pengendalian air.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">BAB II</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">PEMBAHASAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Pengertian
Air</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Air</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senyawa_kimia" title="Senyawa kimia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">senyawa</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang penting bagi semua bentuk
kehidupan yang diketahui sampai saat ini di bumi, tetapi tidak di planet lain.
Air menutupi hampir 71% permukaan bumi. Terdapat 1,4 triliun </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometer" title="Kilometer"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kilometer</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> kubik (330 juta mil³) tersedia di
bumi. Air sebagian besar terdapat di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut" title="Laut"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">laut</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_asin" title="Air asin"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">air asin</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">) dan pada lapisan-lapisan es (di
kutub dan puncak-puncak gunung), akan tetapi juga dapat hadir sebagai </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awan" title="Awan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">awan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujan" title="Hujan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hujan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai" title="Sungai"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sungai</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muka_air_tawar&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Muka air tawar (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">muka
air tawar</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danau" title="Danau"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">danau</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uap_air" title="Uap air"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">uap air</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lautan_es&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Lautan es (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lautan
es</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Air dalam obyek-obyek tersebut bergerak mengikuti suatu </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siklus_air" title="Siklus air"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">siklus air</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, yaitu: melalui </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguapan" title="Penguapan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">penguapan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujan" title="Hujan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hujan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, dan aliran air di atas permukaan tanah (<i>runoff</i>,
meliputi </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_air" title="Mata air"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mata air</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai" title="Sungai"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sungai</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muara" title="Muara"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">muara</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">) menuju </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut" title="Laut"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">laut</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Air bersih penting bagi kehidupan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">manusia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Di banyak tempat di dunia terjadi
kekurangan persediaan air. Selain di bumi, sejumlah besar air juga diperkirakan
terdapat pada </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutub" title="Kutub"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kutub</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> utara dan selatan planet </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mars</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, serta pada bulan-bulan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Europa</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Enceladus</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Air dapat berwujud </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padat" title="Padat"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">padatan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (es), </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cair" title="Cair"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">cairan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (air) dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">gas</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (uap air). Air merupakan
satu-satunya zat yang secara alami terdapat di permukaan bumi dalam ketiga
wujudnya tersebut. Pengelolaan sumber daya air yang kurang baik dapat
menyebakan kekurangan air, monopolisasi serta privatisasi dan bahkan menyulut
konflik. Indonesia telah memiliki undang-undang yang mengatur sumber daya air
sejak tahun 2004, yakni Undang Undang nomor 7 tahun 2004 tentang Sumber Daya
Air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Air bersih</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah salah satu jenis sumberdaya berbasis air yang
bermutu baik dan biasa dimanfaatkan oleh manusia untuk dikonsumsi atau dalam
melakukan aktivitas mereka sehari-hari termasuk diantaranya adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitasi" title="Sanitasi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sanitasi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
konsumsi <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">air minum</span> menurut
departemen kesehatan, syarat-syarat air minum adalah tidak berasa, tidak
berbau, tidak berwarna, dan tidak mengandung </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam_berat" title="Logam berat"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">logam berat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Walaupun air dari sumber alam dapat
diminum oleh manusia, terdapat risiko bahwa air ini telah tercemar oleh </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bakteri</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (misalnya </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Escherichia coli</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">) atau zat-zat berbahaya. Walaupun
bakteri dapat dibunuh dengan memasak air hingga 100 °C, banyak zat
berbahaya, terutama logam, tidak dapat dihilangkan dengan cara ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Air minum</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">air</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang dapat langsung
diminum oleh manusia. Air minum adalah air yang melalui proses pengolahan
ataupun tanpa proses pengolahan yang memenuhi syarat kesehatan dan dapat
langsung di minum (Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 907 Tahun 2002).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air
organik adalah istilah untuk </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">air</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang sama sekali tidak
mengandung </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">unsur kimia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> lain selain H<sub>2</sub>O (air) itu
sendiri. Unsur kimia lain yang biasa terkandung di dalam air adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mineral</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorganik" title="Anorganik"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">anorganik</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, seperti </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrum" title="Ferrum"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ferrum</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkuri" title="Merkuri"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Merkuri</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumunium" title="Alumunium"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Alumunium</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengukur kadar kemurnian air dari mineral anoragnik digunakan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TDS_meter&action=edit&redlink=1" title="TDS meter (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">TDS
meter</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (<i>Total Dissolved Solids meter</i>), yaitu alat untuk mengukur total </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zat_padat" title="Zat padat"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">zat padat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang terlarut dalam </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zat_cair" title="Zat cair"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">zat cair</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Satuan yang digunakan adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ppm" title="Ppm"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ppm</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (<i>part per million</i>) atau bagian per sejuta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pembagian kategori air menurut total zat
padat yang terkandung di dalamnya (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TDS&action=edit&redlink=1" title="TDS (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">TDS</span></a>) adalah:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">> 100 ppm : bukan air minum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10 - 100 ppm: air minum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 - 10 ppm : air murni</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0 ppm : air organic</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyehatan Air, adalah
upaya di dalam meningkatkan kualitas air dan pengelolaan mengganggu kesehatan,
bebas dari kuman yang merugikan kesehatan ; air sehingga pemanfaatan air bagi
manusia tidak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber-sumber Pencemaran
Air</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencemaran air adalah masuk atau dimasukannya makhluk hidup, zat, energi
dan atau komponen lain kedalam air dan atau berubahnya tatanan air oleh
kegiatan manusia atau proses alam sehingga kualitas air turun sampai ketingkat
tertentu yang menyebabkan air kurang atau tidak dapat lagi berfungsi sesuai dengan
peruntukkannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencemaran air adalah suatu perubahan keadaan di suatu tempat penampungan
air seperti </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danau" title="Danau"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">danau</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai" title="Sungai"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sungai</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lautan" title="Lautan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lautan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_tanah" title="Air tanah"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">air tanah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> akibat aktivitas manusia. Danau,
sungai, lautan dan air tanah adalah bagian penting dalam siklus kehidupan
manusia dan merupakan salah satu bagian dari siklus hidrologi. Selain
mengalirkan air juga mengalirkan sedimen dan polutan. Berbagai macam fungsinya
sangat membantu kehidupan manusia. Pemanfaatan terbesar danau, sungai, lautan
dan air tanah adalah untuk irigasi pertanian, bahan baku air minum, sebagai
saluran pembuangan air hujan dan air limbah, bahkan sebenarnya berpotensi
sebagai objek wisata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Walaupun </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomena" title="Fenomena"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fenomena</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> alam seperti </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_berapi" title="Gunung berapi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">gunung berapi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badai" title="Badai"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">badai</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi" title="Gempa bumi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">gempa bumi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dll juga mengakibatkan perubahan
yang besar terhadap kualitas air, hal ini tidak dianggap sebagai pencemaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air biasanya disebut tercemar ketika terganggu oleh kontaminan antropogenik
dan ketika tidak bisa mendukung kehidupan manusia, seperti air minum, dan/atau
mengalami pergeseran ditandai dalam kemampuannya untuk mendukung komunitas
penyusun biotik, seperti ikan. Fenomena alam seperti gunung berapi, algae
blooms, badai, dan gempa bumi juga menyebabkan perubahan besar dalam kualitas
air dan status ekologi air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencemaran air terjadi apabila dalam air terdapat berbagai macam zat atau
kondisi (misal Panas) yang dapat menurunkan standar kualitas air yang telah
ditentukan, sehingga tidak dapat digunakan untuk kebutuhan tertentu. Suatu
sumber air dikatakan tercemar tidak hanya karena tercampur dengan bahan
pencemar, akan tetapi apabila air tersebut tidak sesuai dengan kebutuhan
tertentu, Sebagai contoh suatu sumber air yang mengandung logam berat atau
mengandung bakteri penyakit masih dapat digunakan untuk kebutuhan industri atau
sebagai pembangkit tenaga listrik, akan tetapi tidak dapat digunakan untuk
kebutuhan rumah tangga (keperluan air minum, memasak, mandi dan mencuci).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada beberapa penyebab terjadinya pencemaran air antara lain apabila air
terkontaminasi dengan bahan pencemar air seperti sampah rumah tangga, sampah
lembah industri, sisa-sisa pupuk atau pestisida dari daerah pertanian, limbah
rumah sakit, limbah kotoran ternak, partikulat-partikulat padat hasil kebakaran
hutan dan gunung berapi yang meletus atau endapan hasil erosi tempat-tempat
yang dilaluinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan Pencemar air</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada dasarnya
Bahan Pencemar Air dapat dikelompokkan menjadi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sampah yang dalam proses
penguraiannya memerlukan oksigen yaitu sampah yang mengandung senyawa organik,
misalnya sampah industri makanan, sampah industri gula tebu, sampah rumah
tangga (sisa-sisa makanan), kotoran manusia dan kotoran hewan, tumbuhtumbuhan
dan hewan yang mati. Untuk proses penguraian sampahsampah tersebut memerlukan
banyak oksigen, sehingga apabila sampah-sampah tersbut terdapat dalam air, maka
perairan (sumber air) tersebut akan kekurangan oksigen, ikan-ikan dan organisme
dalam air akan mati kekurangan oksigen. Selain itu proses penguraian sampah
yang mengandung protein (hewani/nabati) akan menghasilkan gas H2S yang berbau
busuk, sehingga air tidak layak untuk diminum atau untuk mandi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">C, H, S, N, + O2 ? CO2 +
H2O + H2S + NO + NO2</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Senyawa organik </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan pencemar penyebab
terjadinya penyakit, yaitu bahan pencemar yang mengandung virus dan bakteri
misal bakteri coli yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit saluran pencernaan
(disentri, kolera, diare, types) atau penyakit kulit. Bahan pencemar ini
berasal dari limbah rumah tangga, limbah rumah sakit atau dari kotoran
hewan/manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan pencemar senyawa
anorganik/mineral misalnya logam-logam berat seperti merkuri (Hg), kadmium
(Cd), Timah hitam (pb), tembaga (Cu), garam-garam anorganik. Bahan pencemar
berupa logam-logam berat yang masuk ke dalam tubuh biasanya melalui
makanan dan dapat tertimbun dalam organ-organ tubuh seperti ginjal, hati, limpa
saluran pencernaan lainnya sehingga mengganggu fungsi organ tubuh tersebut. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan pencemar organik
yang tidak dapat diuraikan oleh mikroorganisme yaitu senyawa organik berasal
dari pestisida, herbisida, polimer seperti plastik, deterjen, serat sintetis,
limbah industri dan limbah minyak. Bahan pencemar ini tidak dapat dimusnahkan
oleh mikroorganisme, sehingga akan menggunung dimana-mana dan dapat mengganggu
kehidupan dan kesejahteraan makhluk hidup.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan pencemar berupa
makanan tumbuh-tumbuhan seperti senyawa nitrat, senyawa fosfat dapat
menyebabkan tumbuhnya alga (ganggang) dengan pesat sehingga menutupi permukaan
air. Selain itu akan mengganggu ekosistem air, mematikan ikan dan organisme
dalam air, karena kadar oksigen dan sinar matahari berkurang. Hal ini
disebabkan oksigen dan sinar matahari yang diperlukan organisme dalam air
(kehidupan akuatik) terhalangi dan tidak dapat masuk ke dalam air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan pencemar berupa zat
radioaktif, dapat menyebabkan penyakit kanker, merusak sel dan jaringan tubuh
lainnya. Bahan pencemar ini berasal dari limbah PLTN dan dari
percobaan-percobaan nuklir lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan pencemar berupa
endapan/sedimen seperti tanah dan lumpur akibat erosi pada tepi sungai atau
partikulat-partikulat padat/lahar yang disemburkan oleh gunung berapi yang
meletus, menyebabkan air menjadi keruh, masuknya sinar matahari berkurang, dan
air kurang mampu mengasimilasi sampah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan pencemar berupa
kondisi (misalnya panas), berasal dari limbah pembangkit tenaga listrik atau
limbah industri yang menggunakan air sebagai pendingin. Bahan pencemar panas
ini menyebabkan suhu air meningkat tidak sesuai untuk kehidupan akuatik
(organisme, ikan dan tanaman dalam air). Tanaman, ikan dan organisme yang mati
ini akan terurai menjadi senyawa-senyawa organik. Untuk proses penguraian
senyawa organik ini memerlukan oksigen, sehingga terjadi penurunan kadar
oksigen dalam air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara garis besar bahan pencemar air tersebut di atas dapat
dikelompokkan menjadi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan pencemar organik, baik yang dapat mengalami penguraian
oleh mikroorganisme maupun yang tidak dapat mengalami penguraian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan pencemar anorganik, dapat berupa logam-logam berat,
mineral (garam-garam anorganik seperti sulfat, fosfat, halogenida, nitrat)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan pencemar berupa sedimen/endapan tanah atau lumpur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan pencemar berupa zat radioaktif e) Bahan pencemar berupa
panas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Parameter dan standar kualitas air </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Telah Anda ketahui bahwa sumber air dikatakan tercemar apabila mengandung
bahan pencemar yang dapat mengganggu kesejahteraan makhluk hidup (hewan,
manusia, tumbuh-tumbuhan) dan lingkungan. Akan tetapi air yang mengandung bahan
pencemar tertentu dikatakan tercemar untuk keperluan tertentu, misalnya untuk
keperluan rumah tangga belum tentu dapat dikatakan tercemar untuk keperluan
lain. Dengan demikian standar kualitas air untuk setiap keperluan akan berbeda,
bergantung pada penggunaan air tersebut, untuk keperluan rumah tangga berbeda dengan
standar kualitas air untuk keperluan lain seperti untuk keperluan pertanian,
irigasi, pembangkit tenaga listrik dan keperluan industri. Dengan demikian
tentunya parameter yang digunakan pun akan berbeda pula.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sesuai dengan bahan pencemar yang terdapat dalam sumber air, maka
parameter yang biasa digunakan untuk mengetahui standar kualitas air pun
berdasarkan pada bahan pencemar yang mungkin ada, antara lain dapat dilihat
dari:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">warna, bau, dan/atau rasa dari air.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat-sifat senyawa anorganik (pH, daya hantar spesifik, daya
larut oksigen, daya larut garam-garam dan adanya logam-logam berat).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya senyawa-senyawa organik yang terdapat dalam sumber air
(misal CHCl3, fenol, pestisida, hidrokarbon).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keradioaktifan misal sinar ß.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat bakteriologi (misal bakteri coli, kolera, disentri,
typhus dan masih banyak lagi).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar 5 Air sungai yang
tercemar oleh eceng gondok</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahaya dari </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencemaran Air</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bibit- bibit penyakit
berbagai zat yang bersifat racun dan bahan radioaktif dapat merugikan manusia.
Berbagai polutan memerlukan O2 untuk penguraiannya. Jika O2 kurang,
penguraiannya tidak sempurna dan menyebabkan air berubah warnanya dan berbau
busuk. Bahan atau logam yang berbahaya seperti arsenat, uradium, krom, timah,
air raksa, benzon, tetraklorida, karbon dan lain- lain dapat merusak organ
tubuh manusia atau dapatmenyebabkan kanker. Sejumlah besar limbah dari sungai
akan masuk ke laut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Polutan ini dapat
merusak kehidupan air sekitar muara sungai dan sebagian kecil laut muara.
Bahan- bahan yang berbahaya masuk ke laut atau samudera mempunyai akibat jangka
panjang yang belum diketahui. Banyak jenis kerang- kerangan yang mungin
mengandung zat- zat yang berbahaya untuk dimakan. Laut dapat pula tercemar oleh
yang asalnya mungkin dari pemukiman, pabrik, melalui sungai, atau dari kapal
tanker yang rusak. Minyak dapat mematikan burung dan hewan laut lainnya,
sebagai contoh efek keracunan dapat dilihat di Jepang. Merkuri yang dibuang
oleh sebuah industri ke teluk minamata terakumulasi di jaringan tubuh ikan dan
masyarakat yang mengkonsumsinya menderita cacat dan meninggal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Banyak akibat yang ditimbulkan oleh
polusi air, diantaranya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terganggunya
kehidupan organisme air karena berkurangnya kandungan oksigen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terjadinya ledakan
ganggang dan tumbuhan air</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendangkalan dasar perairan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tersumbatnya
penyaring reservoir, dan menyebabkan perubahan ekologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam jangka panjang
mengakibatkan kanker dan kelahiran cacat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akibat penggunaan
pestisida yang berlebihan selain membunuh hama dan penyakit, juga membunuh
serangga dan makhluk yang berguna terutama predator</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kematian biota kuno,
seperti plankton, ikan bahkan burung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapat mengakibatkan
mutasi sel kanker dan leukemia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dampak Pencemaran Air</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencemaran
air berdampak luas, misalnya dapat meracuni sumber air minum, meracuni makanan
hewan, ketidakseimbangan ekosistem sungai dan danau, pengrusakan hutan akibat
hujan asam, dan sebagainya. Di badan air, sungai dan danau, nitrogen dan fosfat
(dari kegiatan pertanian) telah menyebabkan pertumbuhan tanaman air yang di
luar kendali (eutrofikasi berlebihan). Ledakan pertumbuhan ini menyebabkan
oksigen, yang seharusnya digunakan bersama oleh seluruh hewan/tumbuhan air,
menjadi berkurang. Ketika tanaman air tersebut mati, dekomposisi mereka
menyedot lebih banyak oksigen. Sebagai akibatnya, ikan akan mati, dan aktivitas
bakteri menurun.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dampak pencemaran air</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pada umumnya dibagi atas 4 kelompok,
yaitu :</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dampak
terhadap kehidupan biota air</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dampak
terhadap kualitas air tanah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dampak
terhadap kesehatan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dampak
terhadap estetika lingkungan</span></li>
</ol>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dampak terhadap kehidupan biota air</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Banyaknya
zat pencemaran pada air limbah akan menyebabkan menurunnya kadar oksigen
terlarut dalam air tersebut. Sehingga mengakibatkan kehidupan dalam air
membutuhkan oksigen terganggu serta mengurangi perkembangannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akibat
matinya bakteri-bakteri, maka proses penjernihan air secara alamiah yang
seharusnya terjadi pada air limbah juga terhambat. Dengan air limbah yang sulit
terurai. Panas dari industri juga akan membawa dampak bagi kematian organisme,
apabila air limbah tidak didinginkan terlebih dahulu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dampak terhadap kualitas air tanah</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencemaran
air tanah oleh tinja yang biasa diukur dengan <i>faecal coliform </i>telah
terjadi dalam skala yang luas, hal ini dibuktikan oleh suatu survey sumur
dangkal di Jakarta. Banyak penelitian yang mengindikasikan terjadinya
pencemaran tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dampak terhadap kesehatan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peran air sebagai
pembawa penyakit menular bermacam-macam antara lain :</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Air
sebagai media untuk hidup mikroba pathogen,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Air
sebagai sarang insekta penyebar penyakit,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jumlah
air yang tersedia tidak cukup, sehingga manusia bersangkutan tak dapat
membersihkan diri,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Air
sebaga media untuk hidup vector penyakit.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dampak terhadap estetika lingkungan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan
semakin banyaknya zat organik yang dibuang ke lingkungan perairan, maka
perairan tersebut akan semakin tercemar yang biasanya ditandai dengan bau yang
menyengat disamping tumpukan yang dapat mengurangi estetika lingkungan. Masalah
limbah minyak atau lemak juga dapat mengurangi estetika lingkungan.</span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indikator Pencemaran Air</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indikator
atau tanda bahwa air lingkungan telah tercemar adalah adanya perubahan atau
tanda yang dapat diamati yang dapat digolongkan menjadi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengamatan secara fisis, yaitu pengamatan pencemaran air
berdasarkan tingkat kejernihan air (kekeruhan), perubahan suhu, warna dan
adanya perubahan warna, bau dan rasa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengamatan secara kimiawi, yaitu pengamatan pencemaran air
berdasarkan zat kimia yang terlarut, perubahan pH</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengamatan secara biologis, yaitu pengamatan pencemaran air
berdasarkan mikroorganisme yang ada dalam air, terutama ada tidaknya
bakteri pathogen.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indikator
yang umum diketahui pada pemeriksaan pencemaran air adalah pH
atau konsentrasi ion hydrogen, oksigen terlarut (<i>Dissolved Oxygen, DO</i>),
kebutuhan oksigen biokimia (<i>Biochemiycal Oxygen Demand, BOD) </i>serta
kebutuhan oksigen kimiawi (<i>Chemical Oxygen Demand, COD</i>).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pH atau Konsentrasi Ion Hidrogen</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Air normal yang
memenuhi syarat untuk suatu kehidupan mempunyai pH sekitar 6,5 – 7,5. Air
akan bersifat asam atau basa tergantung besar kecilnya pH. Bila pH di
bawah pH normal, maka air tersebut bersifat asam, sedangkan air yang
mempunyai pH di atas pH normal bersifat basa. Air limbah dan bahan buangan
industri akan mengubah pH air yang akhirnya akan mengganggu kehidupan
biota akuatik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagian besar biota
akuatik sensitif terhadap perubahab pH dan menyukai pH antara 7 – 8,5. Nilai pH
sangat mempengaruhi proses biokimiawi perairan , misalnya proses
nitrifikasi akan berakhir pada pH yang rendah. Pengaruh nilai pH pada
komunitas biologi perairan dapat dilihat pada table di bawah ini :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel : Pengaruh pH
Terhadap Komunitas Biologi Perairan</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.15pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nilai pH</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 365.6pt;" valign="top" width="487">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengaruh Umum</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.15pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6,0 – 6,5
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 365.6pt;" valign="top" width="487">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keanekaragaman plankton dan bentos sedikit
menurun</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelimpahan total, biomassa, dan produktivitas
tidak mengalami perubahan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.15pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5,5 – 6,0
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 365.6pt;" valign="top" width="487">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penurunan nilai keanekaragaman plankton dan
bentos semakin tampak Kelimpahan total, biomassa, dan produktivitas masih
belum mengalami perubahan yang berarti</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Algae hijau berfilamen mulai tampak pada zona
litoral</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.15pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5,0 – 5,5
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 365.6pt;" valign="top" width="487">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penurunan keanekaragaman dan komposisi jenis
plankton, perifilton dan bentos semakin besar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terjadi penurunan kelimpahan total dan
biomassa zooplankton dan bentos</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Algae hijau berfilamen semakin banyak</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses nitrifikasi terhambat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.15pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4,5 – 5,0
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 365.6pt;" valign="top" width="487">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penurunan keanekaragaman dan komposisi jenis
plankton, perifilton dan bentos semakin besar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penurunan kelimpahan total dan biomassa
zooplankton dan bentos </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Algae hijau berfilamen semakin banyak </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses nitrifikasi terhambat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber
: modifikasi Baker et al., 1990 dalam Efendi, 2003</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada pH < 4,
sebagian besar tumbuhan air mati karena tidak dapat bertoleransi terhadap
pH rendah. Namun ada sejenis algae yaitu <i>Chlamydomonas acidophila </i>mampu bertahan
pada pH =1 dan algae <i>Euglena </i>pada pH 1,6</span></div>
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></i>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oksigen terlarut (DO)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanpa adanya oksegen
terlarut, banyak mikroorganisme dalam air tidak dapat hidup karena oksigen
terlarut digunakan untuk proses degradasi senyawa organic dalam air.
Oksigen dapat dihasilkan dari atmosfir atau dari reaksi fotosintesa algae.
Oksigen yang dihasilkan dari reaksi fotosintesa algae tidak efisien,
karena oksigen yang terbentuk akan digunakan kembali oleh algae untuk
proses metabolisme pada saat tidak ada cahaya.Kelarutan oksigen dalam air tergantung
pada temperature dan tekanan atmosfir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan data-data
temperature dan tekanan, maka kalarutan oksigen jenuh dalam air pada 25</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">o</span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> C
dan tekanan 1 atmosfir adalah 8,32 mg/L (Warlina, 1985).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kadar oksigen
terlarut yang tinggi tidak menimbulkan pengaruh fisiologis bagi manusia. Ikan
dan organisme akuatik lain membutuhkan oksigen terlarut dengan
jumlah cukup banyak. Kebutuhan oksigen ini bervariasi antar organisme.
Keberadaan logam berat yang berlebihan di perairan akan mempengaruhi
system respirasi organisme akuatik,sehingga pada saat kadar oksigen terlarut
rendah dan terdapat logam berat dengan konsentrasi tinggi, organisme
akuatik menjadi lebih menderita (Tebbut, 1992).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada siang hari,
ketika matahari bersinar terang, pelepasan oksigen oleh proses fotosintesa
yang berlangsung intensif pada lapisan eufotik lebih besar daripada
oksigen yang dikonsumsi oleh proses respirasi. Kadar oksigen terlarut
dapat melebihi kadar oksigen jenuh, sehingga perairan mengalami
supersaturasi. Sedangkan pada malam hari,tidak ada fotosintesa, tetapi
respirasi terus berlangsung. Pola perubahan kadar oksigen
ini mengakibatkan terjadinya fluktuasi harian oksigen pada lapisan eufotik
perairan. Kadar oksigen maksimum terjadi pada sore hari dan minimum pada pagi
hari.</span></div>
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></i>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo12; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebutuhan Oksigen Biokimia (BOD)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dekomposisi
bahan organic terdiri atas 2 tahap, yaitu terurainya bahan organic menjadi
anorganik dan bahan anorganik yang tidak stabil berubah menjadi
bahan anorganik yang stabil, misalnya ammonia mengalami oksidasi menjadi
nitrit atau nitrat(nitrifikasi). Pada penentuan nilai BOD, hanya dekomposisi
tahap pertama yang berperan,sedangkan oksidasi bahan anorganik (nitrifikasi)
dianggap sebagai zat pengganggu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan
demikian, BOD adalah banyaknya oksigen yang dibutuhkan oleh mikroorganisme dalam
lingkungan air untuk memecah (mendegradasi) bahan buangan organic yang ada
dalam air menjadi karbondioksida dan air. Pada dasarnya, proses
oksidasi bahan organic berlangsung cukup lama. Menurut Sawyer dan McCarty,
1978 (Effendi,2003) proses penguraian bahan buangan organic melalui proses
oksidasi oleh mikroorganisme atau oleh bakteri aerobic adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>a</sub>O<sub>b</sub>N<sub>c</sub>
+ (n + a/4–b/2–3c/4)O<sub>2</sub> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">→</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> n CO<sub>2</sub> + (a/2 – 3c/2) H<sub>2</sub>O + c NH</span><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span></sub><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan organic oksigen
bakteri aerob</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk kepentingan
praktis, proses oksidasi dianggap lengkap selama 20 hari, tetapi penentuan
BOD selama 20 hari dianggap masih cukup lama. Penentuan BOD
ditetapkan selama 5 hari inkubasi, maka biasa disebut BOD5. Selain
memperpendek waktu yang diperlukan, hal ini juga dimaksudkan untuk
meminimumkan pengaruh oksidasi ammonia yang menggunakan oksigen juga.
Selama 5 hari masa inkubasi, diperkirakan 70% - 80% bahan organic telah
mengalami oksidasi. (Effendi, 2003).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jumlah mikroorganisme
dalam air lingkungan tergantung pada tingkat kebersihan air. Air yang
bersih relative mengandung mikroorganisme lebih sedikit dibandingkan
yang tercemar. Air yang telah tercemar oleh bahan buangan yang bersifat
antiseptic atau bersifat racun, seperti fenol, kreolin, detergen, asam
cianida, insektisida dan sebagainya, jumlah mikroorganismenya juga
relative sedikit. Sehingga makin besar kadar BOD nya, maka merupakan
indikasi bahwa perairan tersebut telah tercemar, sebagai contoh adalah
kadar maksimum BOD5 yang diperkenankan untuk kepentingan air minum dan menopang kehidupan
organisme akuatik adalah 3,0 – 6,0 mg/L berdasarkan
UNESCO/WHO/UNEP,1992.Sedangkan berdasarkan Kep.51/MENKLH/10/1995 nilai BOD5
untuk baku mutu limbah cair bagi kegiatan industri golongan I adalah 50
mg/L dan golongan II adalah 150mg/L.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo12; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebutuhan Oksigen Kimiawi (COD)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">COD
adalah jumlah oksigen yang diperlukan agar bahan buangan yang ada
dalam air dapat teroksidasi melalui reaksi kimia baik yang dapat
didegradasi secara biologis maupun yang sukar didegradasi. Bahan buangan
organic tersebut akan dioksidasi oleh kalium bichromat yang digunakan
sebagai sumber oksigen (<i>oxidizing agent</i>) menjadi gas CO</span><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></sub><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan gas H</span><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></sub><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">O serta sejumlah ion chrom. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika pada perairan
terdapat bahan organic yang resisten terhadap degradasi biologis, misalnya
tannin, fenol, polisacharida dansebagainya, maka lebih cocok
dilakukan pengukuran COD daripada BOD. Kenyataannya hampir semua zat
organic dapat dioksidasi oleh oksidator kuat seperti kalium permanganat
dalam suasana asam,diperkirakan 95% - 100% bahan organic dapat dioksidasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seperti pada BOD,
perairan dengan nilai COD tinggi tidak diinginkan bagi kepentingan perikanan
dan pertanian. Nilai COD pada perairan yang tidak tercemar biasanya kurang
dari 20 mg/L, sedangkan pada perairan tercemar dapat lebih dari 200mg/L dan
pada limbah industri dapat mencapai 60.000 mg/L (UNESCO,WHO/UNEP,1992).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tindakan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">P</span><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">encegahan dan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">P</span><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">engendalian </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">P</span><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">encemaran</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Air</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sampai batas – batas tertentu sebenarnya air secara
alamiah akan mampu membersihkan zat pencemar tersebut. Namun karena jumlah zat
pencemaran berlebihan maka kemampuan itu menjadi hilang. Air yang tercemar
dapat dikurangi kadar pencemarannya dengan menyaring, mengencerkan, dan
mengendapkan.(Drs. Slamet Prawirohartono dkk, 2000, Sains Biologi – 1b Untuk
SMU kelas 1 tengah tahun kedua, Bandung, Hal. 103).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada dasarnya ada tiga
cara yang dapat dilakukan dalam rangka pencegahan pencemaran lingkungan, yaitu:
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara Administratif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Upaya pencegahan pencemaran
lingkungan secara administratif adalah pencegahan pencemaran lingkungan yang
dilakukan oleh pemerintah dengan cara mengeluarkan kebijakan atau peraturan
yang berhubungan dengan lingkungan hidup. Contohnya adalah dengan keluarnya
undang-undang tentang pokok-pokok pengelolaan lingkungan hidup yang dikeluarkan
oleh presiden Republik Indonesia pada tanggal 11 Maret 1982. Dengan adanya
AMDAL sebelum adanya proyek pembangunan pabrik dan proyek yang lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara Teknologis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara ini ditempuh dengan mewajibkan
pabrik untuk memiliki unit pengolahan limbah sendiri. Sebelum limbah pabrik
dibuang ke lingkungan, pabrik wajib mengolah limbah tersebut terlebih dahulu
sehingga menjadi zat yang tidak berbahaya bagi lingkungan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara Edukatif<br />
Cara ini ditempuh dengan melakukan penyuluhan terhadap masyarakat akan
pentingnya lingkungan dan betapa bahayanya pencemaran lingkungan. Selain itu,
dapat dilakukan melalui jalur pendidikan-pendidikan formal atau sekolah.( ahmad
cecep sofyan Hariri, 2010 Biologi)</span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10 Cara Mencegah
Pencemaran Air </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gunakan air dengan
bijaksana. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurangi penggunaan
deterjen. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurangi konsumsi obat-obat
kimia. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurangi penggunaan obat
nyamuk dan pembasmi serangga. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurangi penggunaan bahan-bahan
yang sulit terurai. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelola sampah rumah tangga
dengan baik. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menanam pohon. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengurangi penggunaan
kendaraan bermotor. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggalakkan industri daur
ulang. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pengelolaan limbah pada industri rumah tangga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">( www.anneahira.com/cara-mencegah-pencemaran-air.html -)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 24.0pt;">KESIMPULAN
DAN SARAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Air</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senyawa_kimia" title="Senyawa kimia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">senyawa</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang penting bagi semua
bentuk kehidupan yang diketahui sampai saat ini di bumi, tetapi tidak di planet
lain. Air menutupi hampir 71% permukaan bumi. Terdapat 1,4 triliun </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometer" title="Kilometer"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kilometer</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> kubik (330 juta mil³) tersedia di
bumi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Air bersih</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah salah satu jenis
sumberdaya berbasis air yang bermutu baik dan biasa dimanfaatkan oleh manusia
untuk dikonsumsi atau dalam melakukan aktivitas mereka sehari-hari termasuk
diantaranya adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitasi" title="Sanitasi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sanitasi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Air minum</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">air</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang dapat langsung diminum oleh manusia. Air minum
adalah air yang melalui proses pengolahan ataupun tanpa proses pengolahan yang
memenuhi syarat kesehatan dan dapat langsung di minum (Keputusan Menteri
Kesehatan Nomor 907 Tahun 2002).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyehatan Air, adalah upaya di dalam
meningkatkan kualitas air dan pengelolaan mengganggu kesehatan, bebas dari
kuman yang merugikan kesehatan ; air sehingga pemanfaatan air bagi manusia
tidak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SARAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saran yang penulis sampaikan adalah
sebagai berikut:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebaiknya kita
harus berhati- hati dalam menggunakan air karena air itu ada yang
terpolusi dan ada yang tidak</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jagalah air di
lingkungan rumah dan sekitar agar tetap bersih dan terhindar dari
pencemaran air</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jangan membuang
sampah ke sungai atau kolam, buanglah sampah pada tempatnya agar tidak
terjadi pencemaran air</span></li>
</ul>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://sbh-tuban.blogspot.com/2011/05/pembinaan-kesehatan-lingkungan-dan.html"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://sbh-tuban.blogspot.com/2011/05/pembinaan-kesehatan-lingkungan-dan.html</span></a></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:_XKHtTUAkPMJ:www.bphn.go.id/data/documents/perda_37_2000_perda_20_1994%255Bc%255D.pdf+%22penyehatan+air+adalah%22&hl=id&gl=id&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESheI-hjJ19N9Y8wW5TsklMu_gvDb2rYIv475IUv0uP6N8k5i9NQAV0M-wNIIv8qi0OfNIiWMXGUIp5wkgSsmiRq0co-TT1Y9Lq8kbGdxFloeAb3FwcmzpQIK6L33ChteFd7me9L&sig=AHIEtbT0prxl22g7XiKEtsVb0n3fueUMBg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:_XKHtTUAkPMJ:www.bphn.go.id/data/documents/perda_37_2000_perda_20_1994%255Bc%255D.pdf+%22penyehatan+air+adalah%22&hl=id&gl=id&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESheI-hjJ19N9Y8wW5TsklMu_gvDb2rYIv475IUv0uP6N8k5i9NQAV0M-wNIIv8qi0OfNIiWMXGUIp5wkgSsmiRq0co-TT1Y9Lq8kbGdxFloeAb3FwcmzpQIK6L33ChteFd7me9L&sig=AHIEtbT0prxl22g7XiKEtsVb0n3fueUMBg</span></a></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air</span></a></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_bersih"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_bersih</span></a></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_minum"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_minum</span></a></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.puskel.com/5-upaya-dasar-program-kesehatan-lingkungan-di-puskesmas/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.puskel.com/5-upaya-dasar-program-kesehatan-lingkungan-di-puskesmas/</span></a></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/materi_kimia/kimia-lingkungan/pencemaran_lingkungan/sumber-sumber-terjadinya-pencemaran/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.chem-is-try.org/materi_kimia/kimia-lingkungan/pencemaran_lingkungan/sumber-sumber-terjadinya-pencemaran/</span></a></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:DJM94JU67EsJ:digilib.its.ac.id/public/ITS-Undergraduate-9371-3305100030-Chapter1.pdf+latar+belakang+air&hl=id&gl=id&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjJpwmFZvmmpOxIb9RwFNKQIAFmaqlWfLgBL7Ec_Vd2q-1-1ciQVyN8dxcxHxbeEWaGQCeR6h7gn7QA5pZ2qKtv7AL3p0WBYcZ1q-FaFNvtppumtGq5_0Cn71whDx4H6b2kXicT&sig=AHIEtbS38TmiLm1sX6T_uAUYcVgtRKujbg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:DJM94JU67EsJ:digilib.its.ac.id/public/ITS-Undergraduate-9371-3305100030-Chapter1.pdf+latar+belakang+air&hl=id&gl=id&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjJpwmFZvmmpOxIb9RwFNKQIAFmaqlWfLgBL7Ec_Vd2q-1-1ciQVyN8dxcxHxbeEWaGQCeR6h7gn7QA5pZ2qKtv7AL3p0WBYcZ1q-FaFNvtppumtGq5_0Cn71whDx4H6b2kXicT&sig=AHIEtbS38TmiLm1sX6T_uAUYcVgtRKujbg</span></a></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:nyKnIFKUKr0J:surososipil.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/bab1-regy.pdf+latar+belakang+air&hl=id&gl=id&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESh498HEnUz1WQbqMAiBnDwos-_ORG4vgFT61IMiGE_OpTDGe-QoyJtpGgXrSjG7e7ck4Pz0UD5PdUpcjGvuKw6k3TeVd80-VhJxt4qYuh06HbtH5_R8JJSAvPJMs9Fibz9BRXFp&sig=AHIEtbStSEAnmPmPLgSAZ3RQFr6bANv_ug"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:nyKnIFKUKr0J:surososipil.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/bab1-regy.pdf+latar+belakang+air&hl=id&gl=id&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESh498HEnUz1WQbqMAiBnDwos-_ORG4vgFT61IMiGE_OpTDGe-QoyJtpGgXrSjG7e7ck4Pz0UD5PdUpcjGvuKw6k3TeVd80-VhJxt4qYuh06HbtH5_R8JJSAvPJMs9Fibz9BRXFp&sig=AHIEtbStSEAnmPmPLgSAZ3RQFr6bANv_ug</span></a></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencemaran_air"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencemaran_air</span></a></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/materi_kimia/kimia-lingkungan/pencemaran-air/sumber-dan-bahan-pencemar-air/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.chem-is-try.org/materi_kimia/kimia-lingkungan/pencemaran-air/sumber-dan-bahan-pencemar-air/</span></a></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://jumianto.blogspot.com/2011/03/upaya-penanggulangan-pencemaran-air.html"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://jumianto.blogspot.com/2011/03/upaya-penanggulangan-pencemaran-air.html</span></a></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://minamini.wordpress.com/tag/dampak-pencemaran-air/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://minamini.wordpress.com/tag/dampak-pencemaran-air/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://virochemist.blogspot.com/2010/12/indikator-pencemaran-air.html"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://virochemist.blogspot.com/2010/12/indikator-pencemaran-air.html</span></a>.</span></div>Robby DmatriXhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08864984475646604162noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2513427559054930548.post-86214589896118121542012-02-28T22:49:00.002-08:002012-02-28T22:49:38.422-08:00Penyehatan Udara<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB I</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PENDAHULUAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Latar Belakang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Udara
adalah suatu campuran gas yang terdapat pada lapisan yang mengelilingi bumi.
Komposisi campuran gas tersebut tidak selalu konstan. Kualitas dari udara yang
telah berubah komposisinya dari komposisi udara alamiahnya adalah udara yang
sudah tercemar sehingga tidak dapat menyangga kehidupan. Udara merupakan
komponen kehidupan yang sangat penting untuk kelangsungan hidup manusia maupun
makhluk hidup lainnya seperti tumbuhan dan hewan. Tanpa makan dan minum kita
bisa hidup untuk beberapa hari tetapi tanpa udara kita hanya dapat hidup untuk
beberapa menit saja (Fardiaz, 1992).</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencemaran udara adalah masuk atau dimasukkannya </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahluk_hidup" title="Mahluk hidup"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mahluk hidup</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Zat (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">zat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi" title="Energi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">energi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan/ atau komponen lain ke dalam </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">air</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> atau </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udara" title="Udara"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">udara</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Pencemaran juga bisa berarti berubahnya tatanan
(komposisi) air atau </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udara" title="Udara"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">udara</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> oleh kegiatan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">manusia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan proses alam, sehingga kualitas
air/ udara menjadi kurang atau tidak dapat berfungsi lagi sesuai dengan
peruntukkannya.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Udara di alam tidak pernah ditemukan bersih tanpa polutan
sama sekali. Pencemaran udara pada suatu tingkat tertentu dapat merupakan
campuran dari satu atau lebih bahan pencemar, baik berupa padatan, cairan, atau
gas yang masuk terdispersi ke udara dan kemudian menyebar ke lingkungan
sekitarnya. Kecepatan penyebaran ini tentu tergantung pada keadaan geografi dan
metereologi setempat (Wardhana, 2004). .Sebagian besar pencemar udara (sekitar
75%) berasal gas buangan hasil pembakaran bahan bakar fosil. Sumber polusi yang
utama berasal dari kendaraan bermotor. Sumber-sumber polusi lainnya misalnya
pembakaran, proses industri, pembuangan limbah dan lain-lain (Setiono, 1998).</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sumber pencemaran timbal (Pb) terbesar berasal dari
pembakaran bensin, dimana dihasilkan berbagai komponen timbal (Pb), Timbal (Pb)
dicampurkan ke dalam bensin sebagai anti letup atau anti knock aditif dengan
kadar sekitar 2,4 gram/gallon. Timbal (Pb) yang digunakan untuk anti knock
adalah tetraethyl timbal (C2H5)4. Fungsi penambahan timbal (Pb) adalah
dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan bilangan oktana. Timbal (Pb) adalah bahan yang
dapat meracuni lingkungan dan mempunyai dampak pada seluruh sistem di dalam
tubuh. Timbal (Pb) dapat masuk ke tubuh melalui inhalasi, makanan dan minuman
serta absorbsi melalui kulit (Albalak, 2001).</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rumusan
Masalah</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Apa itu penyehatan udara</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Apa saja yang menjadi sumber-sumber
pencemaran udara</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Apa saja faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi pencemaran udara</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Apa saja efek pencemaran udara</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Apa yang menjadi indikator pencemaran
udara</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bagaiman tindakan pencegahan da
pengendalian udara</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tujuan</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Untuk mengetahui apa itu penyehatan
udara</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mengetahui apa saja yang menjadi
sumber-sumber pencemaran udara</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mengetahui apa saja faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi pencemaran udara</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mengetahui apa saja efek pencemaran
udara</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mengetahui apa yang menjadi indikator
pencemaran udara</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mengetahui bagaimana Tindakan
pencegahan dan pengendalian udara</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB II</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PEMBAHASAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Udara</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Udara</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> merujuk kepada campuran </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">gas</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> yang
terdapat pada permukaan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bumi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.
Udara </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bumi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> yang
kering mengandungi 78% </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">nitrogen</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, 21% </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">oksigen</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, dan
1% uap </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">air</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">karbon
dioksida</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, dan gas-gas lain.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Udara
adalah zat yang paling penting setelah air dalam memberikan kehidupan di
permukaan bumi ini,selain memberikan oksigen udara juga berfungsi sebagai alat
penghantar suara dan bunyi-bunyian, mendinginkan benda-benda yang panas, dan
dapat menjadi media untuk penyebaran penyakit pada manusia.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kandungan
elemen senyawa gas dan partikel dalam udara akan berubah-ubah dengan ketinggian
dari permukaan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah" title="Tanah"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tanah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.
Demikian juga </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa" title="Massa"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">massanya</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, akan
berkurang seiring dengan ketinggian. Semakin dekat dengan lapisan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troposfer" title="Troposfer"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">troposfer</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, maka
udara semakin tipis, sehingga melewati batas </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitasi" title="Gravitasi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">gravitasi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bumi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, maka
udara akan hampa sama sekali.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di antara gas-gas yang membentuk udara adalah seperti
berikut :</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Helium</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nitrogen</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Oksigen</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Karbon dioksida</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Udara adalah
suatu campuran gas yang terdapat pada lapisan yang mengelilingi bumi. Komposisi
campuran gas tersebut tidak selalu konstan. Kualitas dari udara yang telah
berubah komposisinya dari komposisi udara alamiahnya adalah udara yang sudah
tercemar sehingga tidak dapat menyangga kehidupan. Udara merupakan komponen
kehidupan yang sangat penting untuk kelangsungan hidup manusia maupun makhluk
hidup lainnya seperti tumbuhan dan hewan. Tanpa makan dan minum kita bisa hidup
untuk beberapa hari tetapi tanpa udara kita hanya dapat hidup untuk beberapa
menit saja (Fardiaz, 1992).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Udara
merupakan campuran beberapa macam gas yang perbandingannya tidak tetap,
tergantung pada keadaan suhu udara / tekanan udara dan lingkungan sekitarnya.
Udara adalah juga atmosfer yang berada disekeliling bumi yang berfungsi sangat
penting bagi kehidupan didunia ini. Dalam udara terdapat oksigen (O<sub>2</sub>)
untuk bernapas, karbondioksida untuk proses fotosintesis oleh khlorofil daun
dan ozon (O<sub>3</sub>) untuk menahan sinar ultra violet. (</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/author/Yoky_Edy_Saputra/" title="Posts by Yoky Edy Saputra"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Yoky Edy
Saputra</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 19-08-2009)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencemaran Udara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencemaran
udara adalah masuk atau dimasukkannya </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahluk_hidup" title="Mahluk hidup"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mahluk hidup</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Zat (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">zat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi" title="Energi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">energi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan/ atau komponen lain ke dalam </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">air</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> atau </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udara" title="Udara"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">udara</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Pencemaran juga bisa berarti berubahnya tatanan
(komposisi) air atau </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udara" title="Udara"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">udara</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> oleh kegiatan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">manusia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan proses alam, sehingga kualitas
air/ udara menjadi kurang atau tidak dapat berfungsi lagi sesuai dengan
peruntukkannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencemaran
udara adalah perubahan keadaan lingkungan, baik secara fisik, kimia, atau pun
biologi, meliputi udara, daratan, dan air yang tidak diinginkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencemaran
udara adalah masuknya zat pencemar oleh aktivitas manusia, yang pada umumnya
tanpa disadari dan merupakan produk sampinga, berupa gas-gas beracun, asap,
partikel-partikel halus, senyawa belerang, senyawa kimia, buangan panas dan
buangan nuklir.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencemaran
udara adalah merupakan keberadaan zat-zat yang mestinya bulan bagian dari
komposisi atmosfir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Polusi udara
atau pencemaran udara adalah dimasukkannya komponen lain ke dalam udara baik
oleh kegiatan manusia secara langsung atau tidak langsung maupun proses alam
sehingga kualitas udara turun sampai ke tingkat tertentu menyebabkan lingkungan
menjadi kurang atau tidak dapat berfungsi lagi sesuai dengan peruntukannya.
Sedangkan setiap substansi yang bukan merupakan bagian daripada komposisi udara
normal disebut sebagai polutan.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batas Baku Mutu Pencemaran
Udara,Indonesia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Zat Nilai <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ambang Batas (ppm)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SO2<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>0.10</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CO<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>20</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NO<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>1.15</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O3<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>0.10</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DEBU<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>0.26</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pb<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>0.06</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">H2S<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>0.03</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NH3<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>2.0</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HC<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>0.24</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber:
Baku mutu lingkungan udara ambien di Indonesia menurut Kepmen KLH
02/MENKLH/1988.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyehatan Udara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyehatan udara adalah upaya agar
suhu, kelembaban, pertukaran udara, bahan cemar dan mikroba diruang kerja
industri memenuhi syarat.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persyaratan
di ruangan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suhu : 18 - 30 C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelembaban : 65 % -
95 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Debu : Debu total:
10mg/m3, asbes bebas: 5 serat/ml udara, silicat total: 50 mg/m3</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertukaran udara :
0.283 M3/mnt/org dengan laju ventilasi : 0,15 - 0,25 m/detik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gas pencemar sesuai
undang-undang yang berlaku</span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber-sumber Pencemaran</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber -
sumber pencemaran udara dapat dibagi ke dalam dua kelompok besar yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">●</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">
Alamiah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kegiatan alam
seperti kebakaran hutan, gunung berapi dan lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">●</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">
Buatan manusia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;">▪</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Salah satu sumber utama pencemaran udara adalah mesin pembakaran-dalam.Mesin
ini, yang dipakai pada hampir semua kendaraan bermotor, tidak membakar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">semua bahan bakarnya.
Mesin ini disamping mengeluarkan air, karbon dioksida, dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bermacam-macam oksida
nitrogen serta menyebarkan juga sejumlah limbah yang tidak</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">terbakar secara
sempurna.Benda-benda ini meliputi jelaga (karbon), karbon monoksida,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hidrokarbon, dan aldehida.
Mesin-mesin mobil juga mengeluarkan partikel timbal, yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">berasal dari bahan
antiknock dalam bensin.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sisa pembakaran bahan bakar minyak kendaraan bermotor berupa
gas CO, CO2, NO, Hidrokarbon,Aldehide dan Pb.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;">▪</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Limbah industry kimia,
metalurgikal, tambang, pupuk dan minyak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;">▪</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sisa pembakaran gas
alam,batubara dan minyak seperti asap, debu, dan sulfurdioksida.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;">▪</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Lain-lain pembakaran sisa
pertanian, hutan, sampah dan limbah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">reaktor nuklir.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam proses
pencemaran ini terjadi proses sinergistik yaitu suatu keadaan di mana polutan
satu dengan polutan yang lain di dalam udara bereaksi menjadi jenis polutan
baru yang lebih berbahaya dari polutan semula, Sebagai contoh dua jenis
komponen polutan yang berasal dari sisa pembakaran bahan bakar minyak yaitu
nitrogen dioksida dan Hidrokarbon dengan bantuan sinar ultraviolet akan
membentuk jenis polutan baru yaitu Peroksiasetil nitrit dan ozon yang sangat berbahaya
bagi kesehatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi kimia :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sinar matahari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">N2 O + Hidrokarbon<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>=> <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Peroksiasetil Nitrat + O3</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Polutan baru
ini akan menimbulkan kabut di permukaan bumi dikenal sebagai Photochemical Smog
atau Irritating Smog Forming Compound yang membuat mata menjadi berair dan
respiratory distress pada manusia serta menimbulkan hill reaction dan
mengganggu proses fotosintesa pada tumbuh-tumbuhan, ozon sendiri akan
meningkatkan proses respirasi dari daun dan mengurangi makanan sehingga
tumbuhan menjadi layu dan mati.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Faktor-faktor
yang mempengaruhi pencemaran udara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Polusi
udara dapat dipengaruhi oleh faktor - faktor sebagai berikut : Meteorologi dan
Iklim Temperatur Pergerakan mendadak lapisan udara dingin ke suatu daerah
kawasan industri dapat menimbulkan temperatur Inversi atau dengan kata lain
udara dingin akan terperangkap dan tidak dapat keluar dari daerah tersebut dan
cenderung menahan polutan yang ada di lapisan permukaan bumi sehingga
menyebabkan konsentrasi polutan makin lama makin menjadi tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada
saat ini boleh dikatakan tidak ada pertukaran udara sama sekali dan dapat
berlangsung sampai beberapa hari atau beberapa minggu sehingga udara yang
berada dekat permukaan bumi penuh dengan polutan dan menimbulkan keadaan krisis
bagi kesehatan,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Contoh : Kota
Tokyo (1970) diselimuti oleh kabut Tebal penuh dengan polutan sampai beberapa
minggu dan lebih dari 8000 orang menderita infeksi saluran nafas atas, sakit
mata, dan lain - lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Arah dan Kecepatan Angin</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kecepatan
angin yang<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>kuat akan membawa polutan
terbang<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>kemana-mana dan dapat
mencemari udara negara lain seperti yang<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>pernah dialami oleh negara - negara di daratan Eropa, atau akibat<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>pembakaran hutan di Indonesia
menyebabkan kabut asap di negara Malaysia dan Singapura sebaliknya bila
kecepatan angin yang lemah<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>akan
menyebabkan polutan menumpuk di tempat<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>dan<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>dapat<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>mencemari udara tempat pemukiman yang terdapat di sekitar<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>tempat pencemaran ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hujan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hujan
sebagai pelarut umum cenderung melarutkan bahan polutan yang terdapat dalam
udara, di daerah industri yang mempergunakan sumber energi dari batubara akan
mengeluarkan gas sulfurdioksida sebagai hasil dari pembakaran batubara dan bila
gas ini bercampur dengan air hujan akan membentuk sulfuric acid sehingga
membuat air hujan menjadi asam atau Acid Rain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Topografi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;">▪</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Dataran Rendah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Di
daerah dataran rendah angin cenderung membawa polutan terbang jauh ke seluruh penjuru
dan dapat melewati batas negara dan mencemari udara negara lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;">▪</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Pegunungan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Di
daerah dataran tinggi sering terjadi temperatur inversi dan udara dingin yang terperangkap
akan menahan polutan yang terdapat di lapisan permukaan bumi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;">▪</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Lembah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Di
daerah lembah aliran angin sedikit sekali dan tidak bertiup ke segala jurusan,
keadaan ini cenderung untuk menahan polutan yang terdapat di permukaan bumi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Contoh : Kasus
lembah Silicon (USA)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.</span></span><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Efek pencemaran udara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Efek-efek
pencemaran udara pada kehidupan manusia dapat dibagi menjadi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Efek - efek Umum :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;">▪</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Meningkatkan angka kesakitan dan kematian pada manusia, floran dan fauna .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;">▪</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Mempengaruhi jumlah dan kualitas sinar matahari yang sampai ke permukaan
bumi dan mempengaruhi proses fotosintesa pada tumbuhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;">▪</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Mempengaruhi dan merubah iklim yang disebabkan oleh adanya peningkatan
kadar CO2 di udara dan cenderung untuk menahan panas di lapisan bawah atmosfir
sehingga menimbulkan Green House Effect.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;">▪</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Polusi udara dapat merusak cat, karet dan bersifat terhadap benda metal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;">▪</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Meningkatkan biaya perawatan terhadap bangunan, jembatan dan lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;">▪</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Mengganggu penglihatan dan dapat meningkatkan kecelakaan lalu lintas di
darat, sungai dan udara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;">▪</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Menyebabkan warna dari kain dan pakaian menjadi buram dan bernoda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Efek terhadap Ekosistem</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada
industri yang mempergunakan sumber energi batubara akan melepaskan zat sulfuric
oksida ke dalam udara sebagai sisa pembakaran batubara. Zat ini akan bereaksi
dengan air hujan membentuk sulfuric acid dan air hujan menjadi asam (Acid
Rain), bila keadaan ini berlangsung cukup lama maka akan terjadi perubahan
ekosistem perairan danau, pH air akan menjadi asam, produksi ikan akan menurun
dan secara tidak langsung akan menurunkan pendapatan rakyat setempat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Efek Terhadap Kesehatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;">▪</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Cepat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Studi
epidemiologi menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan mendadak dari polusi udara juga akan
meningkatkan angka kesakitan dan kematian penyakit saluran pernafasan dan pada
keadaan tertentu dapat terjadi keracunan gas CO dimana gas CO diikat oleh
haemoglobin darah menjadi methaemoglobin sehingga tubuh kekurangan oksigen dan
menyebabkan kematian mendadak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;">▪</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Lambat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Polusi
udara diduga sebagai salah satu penyebab dari penyakit Bronkhitis Kronis dan
Primary Lung Cancer. Emfisema Paru, Black Lung Disease, Asbestosis, Silikosis,
Bisinosis, dan pada anak – anak dapat menimbulkan penyakit Asma dan Eksema.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Efek Terhadap Tumbuh-tumbuhan dan Hewan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tumbuh-tumbuhan
sangat sensitif terhadap sulfur dioksida, florin, ozon, Hidrokarbon dan CO.
Daun tumbuhan akan berlubang dan layu, ternak akan menjadi sakit bila memakan
tumbuh – tumbuhan yang mengandung dan tercemar florin. Di Tokyo, misalnya,
pohon-pohon dan tanaman semak menjadi mati di taman-taman Kerajaan Kaisar. Di
Bohemia utara, Chekoslovakia, udara yang tercemar yang berasal dari wilayah
batu-bara coklat telah menyebabkan kerusakan di wilayah pertanian dan telah
membuat hutan-hutan rusak berat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanaman yang
tumbuh di daerah dengan tingkat pencemaran udara tinggi dapat terganggu
pertumbuhannya dan rawan penyakit, antara lain klorosis, nekrosis, dan bintik
hitam. Partikulat yang terdeposisi di permukaan tanaman dapat menghambat proses
fotosintesis.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Efek Terhadap Cuaca dan Iklim</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gas
karbondioksida mempunyai kecenderungan untuk menahan panas di lapisan bawah
atmosfer sehingga menimbulkan efek rumah kaca atau Green House Effect, udara
menjadi panas dan gerah. Disamping itu partikel partikel debu juga mempunyai
kecenderungan untuk memantulkan kembali sinar matahari di udara sebelum sampai
ke permukaan bumi sehingga udara di lapisan bawah atmosfir menjadi dingin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Para
ahli mengetahui secara pasti hubungan antara pencemaran udara dengan cuaca.
Masing-masing dapat saling mempengaruhi dengan berbagai cara. Angin dan suhu,
misalnya, mempengaruhi jumlah dan luasnya zat pencemar di udara. Angin yang kuat
dapat menyebarkan zat pencemar ke arah vertikal atau pun horizontal. Walaupun
keadaan tersebut dapat mengurangi pencemaran di wilayah industri, angin malah
akan membawa zat pencemar itu ke wilayah-wilayah yang jauh dari pabrik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kadang-kadang
keadaan yang berlawanan dengan itu terjadi. Suatu lapisan udara dingin dekat
tanah terjebaak oleh suatu lapisan udara hangat. Hal ini disebut suatu inversi
suhu, yaitu suatu keadaan atmosfer yang meletakkan suatu lapisan udara panas di
atas lapisan udara dingin. Udara yang dingin lebih berat sehingga tetap berada
dekat permukaan tanah dan zat pencemar tertimbun di dalamnya. Tidak ada gerakan
udara kuat dan tidak ada perubahan cuaca yang berarti selama beberapa hari atau
bahkan beberapa minggu. Udara dekat tanah menjadi penuh dengan zat pencemar.
Krisis mungkin terjadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dua
zat pencemar yang mungkin menyebabkan akibat serius terhadap iklim adalah
karbon dioksida dan debu partikulet. Karbon dioksida cenderung merangkap panas
pada atmosfer rendah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Debu
partikulet memiliki akibat berlawanan, yaitu memantulkan panas matahari kembali
ke angkasa. Meningkatnya masing-masing zat pencemar tersebut dapat menyebabkan
keadaan dunia menjadi panas atau dingin secara meluas. Contoh yang jelas dari
akibat lokal pencemaran cuaca adalah meningkatnya curah hujan di kota-kota dan
di wilayah yang berdekatan dengan, atau menurut jurusan angin dari, pabrik
kertas besar.Partikel dari pabrik itu berfungsi sebagai inti yang dapat membentuk
hujan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Efek Terhadap sosial Ekonomi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Polusi
udara akan meningkatkan biaya perawatan dan pemeliharaan bangunan, monumen,
jembatan dan lainnya serta pengeluaran biaya ekstra untuk mengontrol pencemaran
yang terjadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Indikator Pencemaran udara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Indikator
yang paling baik dalam menentukan tingkatan dari suatu pencemaran adalah dengan
cara mengukur atau memeriksa konsentrasi gas sulfurdioksida, indeks asap, serta
partikel-partikel debu dan di udara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gas Sulfurdioksida</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Merupakan
gas pencemar di udara yang paling banyak diketemukan di daerah kawasan industri
dan daerah perkotaan karena gas ini dihasilkan oleh sisa - sisa pembakaran
batubara dan bahan bakar minyak dan setiap survey dari pencemaran udara gas ini
selalu diperiksa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Indeks asap (Smoke or Scaling Index)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sampel
udara disaring dengan sejenis kertas (paper tape) dan diukur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>densitasnya dengan alat fotoelektrik meter,
hasilnya dinyatakan dengan Coh Units per 1000 linear feet dari sampel udara,
indeks asap ini sangat bervariasi dari hari ke hari dan tergantung dengan
perubahan iklim.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Partikel Debu</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Partikel-partikel
berupa debu dan arang dari hasil pembakaran sampah dan industri merupakan salah
satu indikator yang dipergunakan untuk mengukur derajat pencemaran udara,
hasilnya dinyatakan dalam miligram atau mikrogram dari partikel per meter kubik
udara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Parameter lain untuk
indikator polusi udara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Karbonmonoksida</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dapat
juga dipakai sebagai parameter untuk indikator polusi udara terutama pembakaran
bahan bakar minyak oleh kendaraan bermotor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Oksidan (O3)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dihasilkan
oleh kerja matahari terhadap kendaraan bermotor di kota - kota besar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Nitrogen Dioksida</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Merupakan
gas yang dihasilkan baik oleh kegiatan manusia maupun oleh proses alam seperti
gunung api dan dapat dipakai sebagai indikator polusi udara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Timah Hitam</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sering
dipakai sebagai bahan untuk menambah kekuatan dan kecepatan mobil dan biasanya
ditambah ke dalam bahan bakar bensin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tindakan
pencegahan dan pengendalian pencemaran udara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jangka pendek</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;">▪</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Sosialisasi bahaya – bahaya pencemaran udara bagi kelangsungan hidup
manusia dan perubahan ekosistem pada alam semesta melalui media cetak dan
elektronik. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;">▪</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Relokasi kawasan industri yang ada ditengah kota ke daerah pinggiran kota
dan mengembangkan suatu daerah hijau atau green belt mengelilingi kawasan
industri yang akan dibangun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;">▪</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Pelaksanaan analsis dampak lingkungan (Amdal) secara rutin pada pabrik –
pabrik ada ditengah kota atau dekat dengan pemukiman penduduk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;">▪</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Uji emisi gas dari kendaraan bermotor secara berkala dan mendirikan sistem
monitoring pencemaran udara di setiap sudut kota.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;">▪</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Perbaikan sarana transportasi darat terutama armada angkutan kota agar
lebih manusiawi (Aman,nyaman dan murah) sehingga dapat mengurangi penggunaan
kendaraan pribadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;">▪</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Pengawasan dan pelarangan pembakaran hutan terutama pada musim kemarau.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jangka panjang:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;">▪</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Perencanaan tata ruang kota yang mengacu kepada wawasan lingkungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;">▪</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Menganti bahan bakar untuk industri dan kendaraan bermotor yang ramah
lingkungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;">▪</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Membangun sarana transportasi perkotaan dengan mempergunakan kereta api
bawah tanah(Subway Transportation).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;">▪</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Mempersiapkan suatu Undang-undang tentang kesehatan lingkungan untuk
menjamin terpeliharanya kualitas lingkungan.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB II</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%;">I</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">KESIMPULAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kesimpulan</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Udara</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> merujuk kepada campuran </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">gas</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> yang
terdapat pada permukaan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bumi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.
Udara </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bumi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> yang
kering mengandungi 78% </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">nitrogen</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, 21% </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">oksigen</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, dan
1% uap </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">air</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">karbon
dioksida</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, dan gas-gas lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Udara
adalah suatu campuran gas yang terdapat pada lapisan yang mengelilingi bumi.
Komposisi campuran gas tersebut tidak selalu konstan. Kualitas dari udara yang
telah berubah komposisinya dari komposisi udara alamiahnya adalah udara yang
sudah tercemar sehingga tidak dapat menyangga kehidupan. Udara merupakan
komponen kehidupan yang sangat penting untuk kelangsungan hidup manusia maupun
makhluk hidup lainnya seperti tumbuhan dan hewan. Tanpa makan dan minum kita
bisa hidup untuk beberapa hari tetapi tanpa udara kita hanya dapat hidup untuk
beberapa menit saja (Fardiaz, 1992).</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencemaran udara adalah masuk atau dimasukkannya </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahluk_hidup" title="Mahluk hidup"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mahluk hidup</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Zat (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">zat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi" title="Energi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">energi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan/ atau komponen lain ke dalam </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">air</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> atau </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udara" title="Udara"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">udara</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Pencemaran juga bisa berarti berubahnya tatanan
(komposisi) air atau </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udara" title="Udara"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">udara</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> oleh kegiatan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">manusia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan proses alam, sehingga kualitas
air/ udara menjadi kurang atau tidak dapat berfungsi lagi sesuai dengan
peruntukkannya.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Polusi
udara atau pencemaran udara adalah dimasukkannya komponen lain ke dalam udara
baik oleh kegiatan manusia secara langsung atau tidak langsung maupun proses
alam sehingga kualitas udara turun sampai ke tingkat tertentu menyebabkan
lingkungan menjadi kurang atau tidak dapat berfungsi lagi sesuai dengan
peruntukannya. Sedangkan setiap substansi yang bukan merupakan bagian daripada
komposisi udara normal disebut sebagai polutan.</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sebagian besar pencemar udara (sekitar 75%) berasal gas
buangan hasil pembakaran bahan bakar fosil. Sumber polusi yang utama berasal
dari kendaraan bermotor. Sumber-sumber polusi lainnya misalnya pembakaran,
proses industri, pembuangan limbah dan lain-lain (Setiono, 1998).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyehatan udara
adalah upaya agar suhu, kelembaban, pertukaran udara, bahan cemar dan mikroba
diruang kerja industri memenuhi syarat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persyaratan di ruangan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suhu : 18 - 30 C</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelembaban : 65 % -
95 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Debu : Debu total:
10mg/m3, asbes bebas: 5 serat/ml udara, silicat total: 50 mg/m3</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertukaran udara :
0.283 M3/mnt/org dengan laju ventilasi : 0,15 - 0,25 m/detik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gas pencemar sesuai
undang-undang yang berlaku</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udara"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udara</span></i></a></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:J0Ng_Jd76DUJ:repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/17455/5/Chapter%2520I.pdf+%22udara+adalah%22&hl=id&gl=id&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiZwJCWGMQQ2jFdEZgtnBaeCaRovL7WOxI7Olx4gylpkpcvKNTf4YX4DGQHBjZmbDHkCnXbzLgyFOkuuEzsssNeCLOfosIoqiSUpT8XD32qu3zc1QVyFS5_QWjyN9p5-DLPGwCW&sig=AHIEtbRavTPHgiy6P_0ModSzCh8ZSmoqwA"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:J0Ng_Jd76DUJ:repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/17455/5/Chapter%2520I.pdf+%22udara+adalah%22&hl=id&gl=id&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiZwJCWGMQQ2jFdEZgtnBaeCaRovL7WOxI7Olx4gylpkpcvKNTf4YX4DGQHBjZmbDHkCnXbzLgyFOkuuEzsssNeCLOfosIoqiSUpT8XD32qu3zc1QVyFS5_QWjyN9p5-DLPGwCW&sig=AHIEtbRavTPHgiy6P_0ModSzCh8ZSmoqwA</span></i></a></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/artikel_kimia/teknologi_tepat_guna/teknik-sampling-kualitas-udara/"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0000cc; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://www.chem-is-try.org/artikel_kimia/teknologi_tepat_guna/teknik-sampling-kualitas-udara/</span></i></a></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencemaran"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0000cc; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencemaran</span></i></a></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://dahlanforum.wordpress.com/2009/03/27/pencemaran-lingkungan/"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0000cc; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://dahlanforum.wordpress.com/2009/03/27/pencemaran-lingkungan/</span></i></a></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://geo.ugm.ac.id/archives/69"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0000cc; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://geo.ugm.ac.id/archives/69</span></i></a></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://agus-griyaonline.blogspot.com/2010/03/kesehatan-lingkungan-kerja-industri.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://agus-griyaonline.blogspot.com/2010/03/kesehatan-lingkungan-kerja-industri.html</span></i></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:8megW7FNoUAJ:repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/1352/1/tkimia-nurhasmawaty6.pdf+%22sumber-sumber+pencemaran+udara%22&hl=id&gl=id&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi_EVsE-9MhjKcxAI-rSI-sZjTQVlMYDsk0Wf_ZUh6wKfsxKk47Cf_cLxoqkPHoSEOHxl6XTWK5QuJi3epRZK1SPOsl-7sNxHkNVI8uamB7d8CkzdyxoHsS_mmdykRVdQMhjD_T&sig=AHIEtbRxSSWFTY_4gcO5G3JRIE7OSAtBmg"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:8megW7FNoUAJ:repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/1352/1/tkimia-nurhasmawaty6.pdf+%22sumber-sumber+pencemaran+udara%22&hl=id&gl=id&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi_EVsE-9MhjKcxAI-rSI-sZjTQVlMYDsk0Wf_ZUh6wKfsxKk47Cf_cLxoqkPHoSEOHxl6XTWK5QuJi3epRZK1SPOsl-7sNxHkNVI8uamB7d8CkzdyxoHsS_mmdykRVdQMhjD_T&sig=AHIEtbRxSSWFTY_4gcO5G3JRIE7OSAtBmg</span></i></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/6421045/kepmenkes14052002keslingindustri"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">http://www.scribd.com/doc/6421045/kepmenkes14052002keslingindustri</span></i></a></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:mMy8IfjwL3QJ:files.kesling.webnode.com/200000038-8e39a8f305/Pencemaran%2520Udara.pdf+%22sumber-sumber+pencemaran+udara%22&hl=id&gl=id&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgOBQRpxYWwprViDvB2dZTrvfO-f9yVng9RPgB4Gx61OiKyenM0e0P17GJ54s8_os4BtP4vtGQ5JV6Je2anCC_K_TF45_Vs4m5p6X-avM1vvTcmrAh1IpYCJeBG9o3xLWX1IL7G&sig=AHIEtbS6ab-Vm27jf-qkZIOptYXQX_qifQ"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:mMy8IfjwL3QJ:files.kesling.webnode.com/200000038-8e39a8f305/Pencemaran%2520Udara.pdf+%22sumber-sumber+pencemaran+udara%22&hl=id&gl=id&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgOBQRpxYWwprViDvB2dZTrvfO-f9yVng9RPgB4Gx61OiKyenM0e0P17GJ54s8_os4BtP4vtGQ5JV6Je2anCC_K_TF45_Vs4m5p6X-avM1vvTcmrAh1IpYCJeBG9o3xLWX1IL7G&sig=AHIEtbS6ab-Vm27jf-qkZIOptYXQX_qifQ</span></i></a></span><span style="font-size: 24.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>Robby DmatriXhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08864984475646604162noreply@blogger.com1